1. Alibeygi, J. (2018). The Study of legal System of Rural and Tribal Communities to Exploit Natural Resources in Iran. Human & Environment, 16(1):75-93.
https://doi.org/ 20.1001.1.15625532.1397.16.1.7.8 .
2. Ameri Shahabi, A.
(2018). Illegal Occupation of Public and National Lands (Land grabbing) Under the Light of Iranian Criminal Laws. Dadsari, (126): 28–37. [In Persian].
3. Amozad Mahdiraji, M., Jalali, A., Alipur, A., Papoli Yazdi, M. and Ghorbani, M. (2016). National
Transfer Lands: Project Aimed at Developing or Conduit for Land Grabbing in Northern Iran (Case Study: Department of Natural Resources and Watershed Area Sari, Mazandaran). GeoRes, 31 (1):138-156.
4. Anku, J., Andrews, N. and Cochrane, L. (2023). The Global Land Rush and Agricultural Investment in Ghana: Existing Knowledge, Gaps, and Future Directions. Land, 12(132): 1-17.
https://doi.org/10.3390/land12010132.
5. Ansari, N., Seyed Akhlaghi Shal, S. and Ghasemi, M. (2009). Determination of socio-economic factors on natural res
ources degradation of Iran. Iranian journal of Range and Desert Reseach, Vol. 15 (4): 508-524. [In Persian].
6. Arezki, R., Deininger, K. and Selod, H.
)2011
(. What Drives the Global Land Rush? IMF Working Paper, 29(2). DOI: 10.5089/9781463923334.001.
7. Armin, M. (20
23). Agricultural Lands Preservation Plans and Laws in Iran: A case study. in S, Opoku (Ed.), Contemporary Issues in Land Use Planning. Publisher: IntechOpen. 10.5772/intechopen.100668.
8. Avatefi Hemmat, M., Shamekhi, T., Etemad, V, and Farhadi, M. (2010). Historical analysis of ownership and its effect on style of land management in a village of the northern part of Iran (Case study: Chetan villag
e). Journal of Forest and Wood Products (JFWP), Iranian Journal of Natural Resources, Vol. 62. (4), pp.397-416. [In Persian].
9. Azevedo-
Ramos, C., Moutinho, P., Arruda, V., Stabile, M., Alencar, A., Castro, I. and Ribeiro, J. (2020). Lawless land in no man’s land: The undesignated public forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Land Use Policy, 99: 104863. 10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104863.
10. Baka, J. (2013). The Political Construction of Wasteland: Governmentality, Land Acquisition and Social Inequality in South India. Development and Change, 44(2): 409-428. DOI:
10.1111/dech.12018
11. Bararpou
r, K. and Abdali, H. (2011).
Systematic Investigation of Factors Affecting and Affected by Land Use Change in Kelardasht: Conceptualization, Modeling, and Mathematical Simulation.
Abstract of the First National Conference on Systemic Approach Event. Tehran. [In Persian].
12. Blas, J. (2008). UN Warns of Food “Neo-Colonialism”. The Financial Times. Retrieved from
http://farmlandgrab.org/2458.
13. Bonhomme, B. (2002). A Revolution in the Forests: Forest Conservation in Soviet Russia, 1917-1925. Environmental History, 7(3). DOI:
10.2307/3985916.
14. Borras, S. and Franco, J. C. (2013). Global Land Grabbing and Political Reactions from Below. Third World Quarterly, 34(9): 1723–1747. DOI: 10.1080/01436597.2013.843845.
15. Borras, S., and Franco, J.C. (2011). Political Dynamics of Land-grabbing in Southeast Asia: Understanding Europe’s Role. Amsterdam: Transnational Institute.
16. Borras, S., Franco, J., Gómez, S., Kay, C., and Spoor, M. (2012). Land grabbing in Latin America and the Caribbean. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4):845-872. DOI: 10.1080/03066150.2012.679931
17. Brito, B., Barreto, p., Brandão, J., Brandão Junior, A., Baima, S. and Gomes, P. (2019). Stimulus for land grabbing and deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Environmental Research Letters, 14(6). DOI:
10.1088/1748-9326/ab1e24.
18. Buchanan,
J. M. and Tullock, G. (2015). The Calculus of Consent: Logical Foundations of Constitutional Democracy, Translated by Gholamreza Azad Eramaki and Amir Azad Eramaki, Tehran: Ney Publications. [In Persian].
19. Bulkan, J. (2014). Forest Grabbing Through Forest Concession Practices: The Case of Guyana. Journal of Sustainable Forestry, 33(4): 407-434. DOI: 10.1080/10549811.2014.899502.
20. Burnod, P., Gingembre, M. and Andrianirina, R. (2013).
Competition over Authority and Access: International Land Deals in Madagascar. Develpoment and Change, 44(2). DOI:
10.1111/dech.12015/
21. Carillo, M. (2021). Agricultural policy and long-run development: evidence from Mussolini's Battle for Grain. The Economic Journal, 131(4): 566-597. DOI: 10.1093/ej/ueaa060.
22. Carrero, G.C., Walker, R., Simmons, C. and Fearnside, P. (2022).
Land grabbing in the Brazilian Amazon: Stealing public land with government approval. Land Use Policy, 120(4): 106-133.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2022.106133.
23. Clark, A. S. (2010). The Political Institutional Determinants of Land-Use Change and Sprawl: A Conceptual Model. Theoretical and Empirical Research in Urban Management, 5(7(16)):5-18.
24. Clark, B. S. (2015). Political Economy: a Comprative approach. Translated by Abbas Hatami, Tehran: Kavir
Publications. [In Persian].
25. Costantino, A. (2014). Land Grabbing in Latin America: Another Natural Resource Curse? Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy, 3(1): 17-43. 10.1177/2277976014530217.
26. Cotula, L., Toulmin, C. and Hesse, C. (2004). Land Tenure and Administration in Africa: Lessons of Experience and Emerging Issues.
London
: International Institute for Environment and Development.
27. Delfan Azari, Sh.
and Afshar, R. (2012). The Role of Governmental Institutions in Changing Urban Land Use Patterns: A Case Study of Kelardasht City. Earth Science Research, 2(4): 58-72. https://doi.org/
20.1001.1.20088299.1390.2.4.6.8 .[In Persian].
28. Dwyer, M. B. (2013). Building the Politics Machine: Tools for ‘Resolving’ the Global Land Grab: 117-141. In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
29. Ezrow, N. and Frantz, E. (2023). Failed State and Institutional Decay: Understanding Instability and Povery
in Developing World. Translated by Amir Mirhaj. Thran: shirazeketab Publications. [In Persian].
30. Fairbairn, M. (2013). Indirect Dispossession: Domestic Power Imbalances and Foreign Access to Land in Mozambique. In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
31. FAO/UNEP. (1999). The
Future of Our Land Facing: The Challenge. FAO/UNEP: Rome.
32. Farajollahi, A.,
Asgari, H.,
Ownagh, M.,
Mahboubi, M. and
Salman Mahiny, a. (2017). Socio-Economic Factors Influencing Land Use Changes in Maraveh Tappeh Region, Iran. Ecopersia, 5 (1): 1683-1697. DOI: 10.18869/modares.ecopersia.5.1.1683. [In Persian].
33. Feizhou, Z. (2009). Creating Wealth: Land Seizure, Local Government, and Farmers. In Deborah S. D. and Feng, W. (Eds.), Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China. Stanford University Press.
34. Flexor, G. and Sergio
, P. L. (2017). Land Market and Land Grabbing in Brazil during the Commodity Boom of the 2000s. Contexto Internacional, 39(2):393-420.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-8529.2017390200010.
35. Franco, J., Borras, S., Alonso-Fradejas, A., Buxton, N., Herre, R., Kay, S. and Feodoroff, T. (2013). The Global Land Grab: A Primer. TNI, Agrarian Justice Programme, Version 1.
36. Friis, C. and Reenberg. A. (2010)
. Land grab in Africa: Emerging land system drivers in a teleconnected world. GLP Report, 1, 1-42.
37. Fuentes-Nieva, R., & Nicholls, M. (2013). Poor Governance, Good Business: How land investors target countries with weak governance. Oxfam.
38. Grajales, J. (2013). State Involvement, Land Grabbing and Counter-Insurgency in Colombia. In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
39. Grandia, L. (201
3). Road Mapping: Megaprojects and Land Grabs in the Northern Guatemalan Lowlands: 45-71. In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
40. Hall, R. (2011). Land grabbing in Southern Africa: the many faces of the Investor Rush. Review of African Political Economy, 38 (128): 193–214. DOI: 10.1080/03056244.2011.582753.
41. Hamme
s, J. J. (2005). Essays on the Political Economy of Land Use Change. Ph.D. thesis, School of Business, Economics and Law, Göteborg University.
42. Hamzeh Looiyan, R. (2022).
Land grabbing and the occupation of state lands: The impact and role of registration, natural resources and urban development departments and municipalities on state land occupation and land grabbing. Economic Security, 9(10): 37–50 [In Persian].
43. Hardin, G. (1968). The Tragedy of the Commons, Science, 126 (3859): 1243-1248.
44. Harv
ey, D. (2013). The Enigma of Capital and the Crises of Capitalism. Translated by Mojtaba Amini, Tehran: Kalag Publications. [In Persian].
45. Harvey, D. (2022). Spaces of Neoliberalization: Toward a Theory of Uneven Geographical Development. Translated by Mehdi Davoudi, Tehran: Saless Publications [In Persian].
46. Hirsch, P., & Scurrah, N. (2015). The political economy of land governance in the Mekong Region: Contexts of policy advocacy. In Proceedings of the International Academic Conference on Land Grabbing, Conflict and Agrarian-Environmental Transformations: Perspectives from East and Southeast Asia, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand .https://doi.org
10.22034/iwm.2022.250824.
47. Jafareiyan, N. & Karami, O. (2022). Evaluating the rate of natural land degradation based on land use change in Zagros forests. Integrated Watershed Management, 1(2): 47-61.
48. Jing, Z. (2009). Resolution Mechanisms for Land Rights Disputes. In Deborah, S. D. and Feng, W., (Eds.), Creating Wealth and Poverty in Postsocialist China. Stanford University Press.
49. Kazemi, H. and Nourbakhsh, s. (2022). Management of Common Resources: Theoretical Perspectives &Practical Exp
eriences. Iranian Journal of Public Policy. 2022, 8(3), 129-145.
Https://doi.org/10.22059/jppolicy.2022.89547. [In Persian].
50. Khaejavi, Asghar. And Ghanavati, Khalil. (2017). Theoretical and applied analysis of the role of state ownership stabilization in preventing land grabbing. Karagah, 11(42), 24–3.
51. Klo
pp, J. M. (2000). Pilfering the Public: The Problem of Land Grabbing in Kenya. Africa Today, 47(1):7-26.
DOI: 10.1353/at.2000.0015.
52. Krawchenko, T. and Tomaney, T. (2023). The Governance of Land Use: A Conceptual Framework. Land, 12 (3), Article 608,
https://doi.org/10.3390/land12030608.
53. Kröger, M. (2024). Land-grabbing mafias and dispossession in the Brazilian Amazon: rural–urban land speculation and deforestation in the Santarém region. Globalizations. DOI: 10.1080/14747731.2024.2319440.
54. Kruid, S., Macedo, M., Gorelik, S., Walker, W., Moutinho, P., Brando, P., Castanho, A., Alencar, A., Baccini, A. and Coe, M. (2021). Beyond Deforestation: Carbon Emissions from Land Grabbing and Forest Degradation in the Brazilian Amazon. Frontiers in Forests and Global Change, 4:645282. DOI:
10.3389/ffgc.2021.645282.
55. Kweyu, R. M., Thenya, T., Kiemo, K. and Emborg, J. (2020). The nexus between land cover changes, politics and conflict in Eastern Mau Forest complex, Kenya. Applied Geography, 114(6) 102-115. 10.1016/j.apgeog.2019.
56. Lambin, E.F., Turner, B.,
Geist, H.J., Agbola, S., Angelsen, A., Bruce, J.W., Coomes, O., Dirzo, R., Fischer, G., Folke, C.,
George, P.S., Homewood, K., Imbernon, J., Leemans, R., Li, X., Moran, E., Mortimore, M., Ramakrishnan, P.S., Richards, J.F. and
Xu, J. (2001). The causes of land-use and land-cover change: moving beyond the myths. Global Environmental Change-Human and Policy, Dimensions 11: 261–269.
57. Levi, M. (1988). Of Rule and Revenue. Oakland: University of California Press.
58. Levien, M. (2013). Regimes of Dispossession: From Steel Towns to Special Economic Zones: 185-211. In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken: Wiley Blackwell.
59. Li, S., Wang, T. and Yan, C.Z. (2017). Assessing the Role of Policies on Land-Use/Cover Change from 1965 to 2015 in the Mu Us Sandy Land, Northern China. Sustainability, 9(7):1164.
Doi:10.3390/su9071164.
60. Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucracy: delimma of the individual in public service. New York: the Russel sege foundation
.
61. Litsardou, D. (2017). Privatization of public land, spatial planning and natural capital. Abstracts of 3rd In
ternational Conference on Changing Cities: European cities & Migration. Special Session, Urban Pressure in Coastal and Island Areas: The Challenges in Implementation of Maritime Spatial Planning in Greece.
https://www.academia.edu/77713379/ .
62. Mahdavi
, a., Ghasemnia, M. and Salavarzi, M. (2022). Drivers for National Forest Lands Seizure by Rural Communities in Central Zagros Regions: A Factor Analysis. Journal of Agricultural Science and Technology, 24(5): 1103-1116. [In Persian].
63. Makki,
H. (1988). Forests and the Expansion of Iran’s Deserts in Relation to Society and Government Corruption. Tehran: Ayandeh Publishing [In Persian].
64. Migdal, J. S., Koh
li, A. and Shue, V. (1994). State power and social forces: Domination and transformation in the Third World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
65. Mirdeilami, S. Z. & Sepehri, A. (2014). Review and Analysis of the laws applied in Rangeland Management of Iran. Proceedings of the First Conference on Natural Resources Management, Gonbad Kavous University. [In Persian].
66. Mirmossadeghi, H. and Rajabali, E. (2017). Analysis of Land Grabbing from the Perspective of Iranian Cri
minal Law. Judiciary, Issue 97: 53-77. [In Persian].
67. Mirovitskaya, N.,
and Soroos, M. S. (1995). Socialism and the tragedy of the commons: Reflections on environmental practice in the Soviet Union and Russia. The Journal of Environment & Development, 4(1): 77-110.
68. Moeliono, M.
And Limberg, G. (2009). The Decentralization of Forest GovernancePolitics, Economics and the Fight for Control of Forests in Indonesian Borneo. London: Cromwell Press.
69. Mohamma
di Kangarani, H., Shamekhi, T. and Ghonchepour, D. (2015). Network model of natural resources policies in Iran (4th Development Plan). Iranian Journal of Forest, 7 (2): 179-193. [In Persian].
70. Mohseni, H. (2021). T
he Supreme Court and Environmental Law of Iran. Tehran: University of Tehran Press [In Persian].
71. Mosayebi, M. and Maleki, M. (2014). Change detection in land use using remote sensing data and GIS (Case study: Ardabil county). RS & GIS for Natural Resources, 5(1):75-86.
72. Nasiri, M. (20
13). A Study of Land-grabbing through Illegal Possession and Change in Land Usage. Legal thinkers, Vol3:101-109. [In Persian].
73. Olive
ira, G. de L.T. (2013). Land Regularization in Brazil and the Global Land Grab In Wolford, W., Borras Jr, S. M., Hall, R., Scoones, I., & White, B. (Eds.), Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Hoboken:Wiley Blackwell.
74. Ostrom, E.
(2015). Understanding Institutional Diversity. Translated by Seyed Jamaluddin Mohseni Zannouzi, Tehran: Imam Sadiq University Press. [In Persian].
75. Peemans, J. P. (2014). Land grabbing and development history: the Congolese (RDC) experience.
76. Pressman, J. L. and Wildavsky, A. (1973). Implementation: how Great Expectations in Washington are dashed in Oakland. Oakland: University of California Press.
77. Rezvani, M., Eskandari, S. and Bakhtiari, A. (2012). Assessment of national land destruction in Iran, a case study: Zavat of Chalus in Mazandaran-Iran, from 2000 to 2010. American-Eurasian Journal of Agriculture & Environmental Sciences, 12 (11): 1533-1535.
78. Rice, A. (2009). Is There Such a Thing as Agro-Imperialism? The New York Times, 16
80. Roudgarmi, R. and Amozadeh Mahdiraji, M. T. (2019). Challenges and Problems of Iran’s Laws and Regul
ations for the Preservation of Forests and Rangelands, Iranian Journal of Forest, 11(1): 43-59. [In Persian].
81. Salarin, F., Nast
aran, M. and Dadashpoor, H. (2022). Causes and consequences of sprawl in the central city-region of Mazandaran. Motaleat shahri, 12(47):65-78. https://doi.org 10.34785/J011.2022.009.
[In Persian].
82. Sant Anna, A. and Costa, L. (2021). Environmental regulation and bailouts under weak state capacity: D
eforestation in the Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Economics, 186(3):107071. DOI: 10.1016/j.ecolecon.2021.107071.
83. Scott, J. C. (2020).
Seeing Like a State: How Certain Sales to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed. Translated by Aslan Ghodjani, Tehran: Farhang Saba Publications. [In Persian].
84. Sedighi, S., Darban Astaneh, a, and Rezvani, M. (2017). An Investigation of the Physical and Political Fact
ors Affeting Land Use Changing of Mahmoudabad Town. Journal of Spatial Planning, 7(2 (25)): 39-58. SID.
https://sid.ir/paper/223616/en. [In Persian].
85. Shahbazi, A. (20
08). Land and Wealth Accumulation: The Formation of the New Oligarchy in Today’s Iran. Retrieved on August 05, 2025:
https://www.shahbazi.org/~shahbazi/Oligarchy/index.htm. [In Persian].
86. Shakarbaigi, A. and Moradi, M. (2018). Legislative Criminal Policy of Iran on control of crime and social anomalies. Sociology of Education, Vol 8: 173-183. [In Persian].
87. Sims, D. (1997). Negotiating a Sustainable Future for or land-Structural and Institutional Guidelines for Land resource Management in the 21st Century. Rome: FAO/UNEP
88. Smaller, C. and Mann, H. (2009). a thirst for distant land. Foreign investment in agricultural land and water, International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD).
89. Takahashi, R. (2022). Property Rights and Natural Resource Management in Developing Countries. Agricultural Development in Asia and Africa, open access, 127–138.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-5542-6_10.
90. Van de
r Ploeg, J. D., Franco, J. C.
And Borras, S. M. (2015). Land concentration and land grabbing in Europe: a preliminary analysis. Canadian Journal of Development Studies, 36(2): 147–162. https://doi.org/10.1080/02255189.2015.1027673.
91. Varamesh, S., Hosseini, S. M.
, & Rahomzadeghan, M. (2016). Detection of land use changes in northeastern Iran by Landsat satellite data. Appleid Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(3): 1443-1454. DOI: 10.15666/aeer/1503_14431454.
92. Visser, O., Mamonova, N. and Spoor, M. (2012). Oligarchs, megafarms and land reserves: understanding land grabbing in Russia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(3-4): 899-931. DOI:10.1080/03066150.2012.675574.
93. Wolford, W., Borras, S., Hall, R., Scoones, I. and White, B. (2013). Governing Global Land Deals: The Role of the State in the Rush for Land. Development and Change, 44(2). DOI: 10.1111/dech.12017.
94. Xu, Y. (2018). Land grabbing by villagers? Insights from intimate land grabbing in the rise of the industrial tree plantation sector in Guangxi, China. Geoforum, 96(4). DOI: 10.1016/j.geoforum.2018.08.012.
95. Yang, B. and He, J. (2021). Global Land Grabbing: A Critical Review of Case Studies across the world. Land, 10(3): 324. https://doi.org/10.3390/ land10030324.
96. Yurike, Y., Rudi, F. and Karimi, S. (2015) Land Grabbing and Deforestation: Community Perception on Forest Land Ownership in Dharmasraya District. West Sumatra, Indonesia. BRICS Initiatives for Critical Agrarian Studies, Abstract of international academic conference 5‐6, Chiang Mai University.
97. Zirakpour Nav
i, S., Avatefi Hemmat, m. and Heshmatol Vaezin, S.M. (2022). A qualitative evaluation of the results of implementing the Comprehensive Forest Safeguarding Policy in Guilan Province, Iran. Iranian Journal of Forest and Poplar Research, 30(3): 257-276. https://doi.org/10.22092/ijfpr.2022.360196.2070.
[In Persian].
98. Zoomers, A., van Noorloos, F., Otsuki, K., Steel, G. and van Westen, A. (2017). The Rush for Land in an Urbanizing World: From Land Grabbing Toward Developing Safe, Resilient, and Sustainable Cities and Landscapes. World Development, 92: 242–252, DOI:10.1016/J.WORLDDEV.2016.11.016.
99. Website:
100. Asriran. (2011). How does land grabbing occur, and who are the main actors involved in large-scale land appropriation in Iran. Retrieved from
https://www.asriran.com/fa/news/192969.
101. Fararu. (2023). State predation on public assets. Retrieved from
https://fararu.com/fa/tiny/news-656536.
