AI Governance in Higher Education: A Meta-Synthesis Research

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Associate Professor of Educational Management, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 Ph.D. Student of Educational Management, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jppolicy.2026.106381

Abstract

The present study was conducted to present a model of policy requirements for artificial intelligence governance in higher education. For this purpose, a qualitative approach and the Sandelowski and Barroso (2007) meta-synthesis method were used. Among the scientific documents available in scientific databases from 2020 to June 2025, 24 scientific documents were selected and analyzed. Thematic analysis was employed to analyze the findings. To ensure quality control of the research findings, descriptive and interpretive validity were examined. According to the results, the model of artificial intelligence governance in higher education includes educational-research policy requirements (educational policy and research policy), ethical policy requirements (transparency and value-based policy, justice-oriented policy, responsibility and accountability policy), technological policy requirements (adaptive policy, technical support policy, acceptance and promotion policy, protective and risk policy), functional policy requirements (coherence and integration policy, supervisory policy), and communicative policy requirements (networking policy and participatory policy).

Keywords

References

  1. Abdous, M. (2023). How AI Is Shaping the Future of Higher Ed. Inside Higher Ed | Higher Education News, Events and Jobs. https://www.insidehighered.com/views/2023/03/22/how-ai-shaping-future-higher-ed-opinion
  2. Abinaya, M., Vadivu, G. & Sundaravadivazhagan, B. (2024). 10 Future Directions and Open Problems in Generative AI. In S. Balasubramaniam, S. Kadry, A. Prasanth & R. Kumar Dhanaraj (Ed.), Generative AI and LLMs: Natural Language Processing and Generative Adversarial Networks (pp. 193–212). Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783111425078-010
  3. Adel, M., Abouelnour, M., Alhourani, M., & Awad, A. (2025). Towards Intelligent Universities Enhanced with Artificial Intelligence (AI). Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development. 9(1), 10412. https://doi.org/10.24294/jipd10412
  4. Aghayari, P. & Karimmian, Z. (2024). Governance and Artificial Intelligence: A Scientometric Narrative of Two Interwoven Stories. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 17(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2025.11814.1837
  5. Airaj, M. (2024). Ethical Artificial Intelligence for Teaching-Learning in Higher Education. Education and Information Technologies, 29(13), 17145–17167. https://doi.org/1007/s10639-024-12545-x
  6. Al-kfairy, M., Mustafa, D., Kshetri, N., Insiew, M., Alfandi, O. (2024). Ethical challenges and solutions of generative AI: an interdisciplinary perspective. Informatics 11(3), 58. https://doi.org/10.3390/informatics11030058
  7. Ally, M., & Mishra, S. (2024). Policies for Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: A Call for Action. Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology, 50(3), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21432/cjlt28869
  8. Al-Omari, O., Alyousef, A., Fati, S., Shannaq, F., & Omari, A. (2025). Governance and Ethical Frameworks for AI Integration in Higher Education: Enhancing Personalized Learning and Legal Compliance. Journal of Ecohumanism, 4(2), 80–86. https://doi.org/10.62754/joe.v4i2.5781
  9. Alqahtani, N., Wafula, Z. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Integration: Pedagogical Strategies and Policies at Leading Universities. Innov. High Educ. 50(2), 665–684. https://doi.org/1007/s10755-024-09749-x
  10. Al-Zahrani, A.M., Alasmari, T.M. (2024). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on higher education: The dynamics of ethical, social, and educational implications. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 912. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03432-4
  11. Al-Zahrani, AM. (2024). From Traditionalism to Algorithms: Embracing Artificial Intelligence for Effective University Teaching and Learning. Educational Technology at IgMin, 2(2), 102–0112. https://doi.org/61927/igmin151
  12. Amnuaysin, O., Nilsook, P. & Wannapiroon, P. (2023). Enabling high-performance digital manpower through higher education. World Transactions on Engineering and Technology Education. 21(1), 38–43. http://www.wiete.com.au/journals/WTE&TE/Pages/Vol.%2021,%20No.1%20(2023)/06-Amnuaysin-O.pdf
  13. An, Y., Yu, J.H. & James, S. (2025). Investigating the higher education institutions’ guidelines and policies regarding the use of generative AI in teaching, learning, research, and administration. Int. J. Educ. Technol. High Educ. 22, 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-025-00507-3
  14. Asadzadeh, A., Pourezzat, A. A., Zolfagharzadeh, M. M. & Sohrabi, R. (2025). Proposing the Framework for Higher Education Governance: A Systematic Review. Governance and Development Journal, 5(2), 5–32. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2025.51667.1028
  15. Atkinson-Toal, A., & Guo, C. (2024). Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) Education Policies of UK Universities. Enhancing Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 2. 70–94. https://doi.org/62512/etlhe.20
  16. Banyasady, A. (2024). From the Unexpected Encounter with Artificial Intelligence in the University classroom to Deep Thinking about its Increasing Presence in Higher Education. Journal of Educational Planning Studies, 13(25), 92–111. https://doi.org/10.22080/eps.2024.27632.2274
  17. Baratlo, F. (2023). Understanding the Conceptual Framework of the Organizational Governance Using Meta-Synthesis Method. Governance and Development Journal, 3(1), 121-144. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2023.384434.1095
  18. Barus, O. P., Hidayanto, A. N., Handri, E. Y., Sensuse, D. I., & Yaiprasert, C. (2025). Shaping generative AI governance in higher education: Insights from student perception. International Journal of Educational Research Open, 8, 100452. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijedro.2025.100452
  19. Bates, T., Cobo, C, Mariño, O, Wheeler, S (2020). Can artificial intelligence transform higher education? International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 17(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-020-00218-x
  20. Batista, J., Mesquita, A., & Carnaz, G. (2024). Generative AI and Higher Education: Trends, Challenges, and Future Directions from a Systematic Literature Review. Information, 15(11), 676. https://doi.org/10.3390/info15110676
  21. Batool, A., Zowghi, D. & Bano, M. (2025). AI governance: a systematic literature review. AI Ethics, 5, 3265–3279.  https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-024-00653-w
  22. Bearman, M., Ryan, J., & Ajjawi, R. (2023). Discourses of artificial intelligence in higher education: A critical literature review. Higher Education, 86(2), 369–385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-022-00937-2
  23. Bilal, D., He, J., & Liu, J. (2025). Guest editorial: AI in education: transforming teaching and learning, Information and Learning Sciences, 126(1/2), 1–7. https://doi.org/1108/ILS-01-2025-268
  24. Birkstedt, T., Minkkinen, M., Tandon, A., & Mäntymäki, M. (2023). AI Governance: Themes, Knowledge Gaps, and Future Agendas. Internet Research, 33(7), 133-167.‏ https://doi.org/10.1108/INTR-01-2022-0042
  25. Braun, D. (1999). Changing Governance Models in Higher Education: The Case of New Managerialism. Swiss Political Science Review, 5(3), 1–24.
  26. Cambridge University Press & Assessment (CUPA) (2023). The Cambridge approach to generative AI and assessment. https://www.cambridge.org/news-and-insights/news/The-Cambridge-approach-to-generative-AI-and-assessment
  27. Campanile, L., De Fazio, R., Di Giovanni, M., & Marulli, F. (2024). Beyond the hype: Toward a concrete adoption of the fair and responsible use of AI. CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 3762, 60–65.
  28. Capano, G., He, A. J., & McMinn, S. (2025). Riding the tide of generative artificial intelligence in higher education policy: an Asian perspective. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 1–15. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2025.2450571
  29. Casal-Otero, L., Catalá, A., Fernández-Morante, C., Taboada, M., Cebreiro, B., & Barro, S. (2023). AI literacy in K-12: a systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 10, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-023-00418-7.
  30. Center for Teaching and Learning (CTL). (2023). AI Tools in Teaching and Learning: Guidance on understanding how AI tools can impact teaching and learning. https://teachingcommons.stanford.edu/news/ai-tools-teaching-and-learning
  31. Chan, C. K. (2023). A comprehensive AI policy education framework for university teaching and learning. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00408-3
  32. Chen, C. (2023). AI Will Transform Teaching and Learning. Let’s Get it Right. https://hai.stanford.edu/news/ai-will-transform-teaching-and-learning-lets-get-it-right
  33. Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X.-Y., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M.-T. (2023). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computer & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4(3), 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
  34. Choung, H., David, P., & Seberger, J. S. (2024). A multilevel framework for AI governance. In the Routledge Handbook of Global and Digital Governance Crossroads (pp. 310–323). Routledge India. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2307.03198
  35. Chu, HC., Hwang, GH., Tu, YF., Yang, KH. (2022). Roles and research trends of artificial intelligence in higher education: A systematic review of the top 50 most-cited articles. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 38(3), 22–42
  36. Crompton, H., & Burke, D. (2023). Artificial intelligence in higher education: The state of the field. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 20(1), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-023-00392-8
  37. Dabis, A., Csáki, C. (2024). AI and ethics: Investigating the first policy responses of higher education institutions to the challenge of generative AI. Humanit Soc Sci Commun 11, 1006. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-03526-z
  38. Dai, Y., Lai, S., Lim, C. P., & Liu, A. (2024). University Policies on Generative AI in Asia: Promising Practices, Gaps, and Future Directions. Journal of Asian Public Policy, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1080/17516234.2024.2379070
  39. Dawson, A.J. (2019). Meta-synthesis of Qualitative Research. In: Liamputtong, P. (Eds) Handbook of Research Methods in Health Social Sciences. Springer, Singapore.
  40. De Almeida, P. G. R., dos Santos, C. D., & Farias, J. S. (2021). Artificial intelligence regulation: A framework for governance. Ethics and Information Technology, 23(3), 505–525.‏ https://doi.org/10.1007/s10676-021-09593-z
  41. De Boer, H., Enders, J., Schimank, U. (2007). On the Way towards New Public Management? The Governance of University Systems in England, the Netherlands, Austria, and Germany. In: Jansen, D. (Eds) New Forms of Governance in Research Organizations. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-5831-85
  42. Dhawan, S., & Batra, G. (2020). Artificial intelligence in higher education: Promises, perils, and perspective. Expanding Knowledge Horizon. OJAS, 11, 11-22.‏
  43. Dignum, V. (2020). Responsibility and artificial intelligence. Oxford Handb. Ethics AI, no. November, pp. 214–231. https://doi.org/1093/oxfordhb/9780190067397.013.12
  44. Domingo-Alejo, J. (2024). AI Integrated Administration tool design with ML Technology for Smart Education System. 2024 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), 1423-1428. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACITE60783.2024.10616455.
  45. Drach, I., Petroye, O., Borodiyenko, O., Reheilo, I., Bazeliuk, O., Bazeliuk, N., & Slobodianiuk, O. (2023). The Use of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education. International Scientific Journal of Universities and Leadership. https://doi.org/10.31874/2520-6702-2023-15-66-82.
  46. Duah, J.E.; McGivern, P. (2024). How Generative Artificial Intelligence Has Blurred Notions of Authorial Identity and Academic Norms in Higher Education, Necessitating Clear University Usage Policies. Int. J. Inf. Learn. Technol, 41, 180–193. https://doi.org/1108/IJILT-11-2023-0213
  47. Edwards, J., & Kaimal, G. (2016). Using meta-synthesis to support application of qualitative methods findings in practice: A discussion of meta-ethnography, narrative synthesis, and critical interpretive synthesis. The Arts in Psychotherapy, 100(51), 30–35. https://doi.org/1016/j.aip.2016.07.003
  48. Elabied, N. (2024). Collaborative Leadership With AI: New Paradigms in University Administration. International Research Journal of Engineering & Applied Sciences, 12(3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.55083/irjeas.2024.v12i03001
  49. Engwall, L. (2020). Missions of Universities. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-41834-2
  50. Filgueiras, F. (2024). Artificial intelligence and education governance. Education, Citizenship, and Social Justice. 19(3), 349–361. https://doi.org/10.1177/17461979231160674
  51. Filho, W.L., Abubakar, I.R., Mifsud, M.C. et al. (2023). Governance in the Implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals in Higher Education: Global Trends. Environment, Development and Sustainability. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-03278-x
  52. Francis, N. J., Jones, S., & Smith, D. P. (2025). Generative AI in higher education: Balancing innovation and integrity. British Journal of Biomedical Science, 81, 14048.‏ https://doi.org/10.3389/bjbs.2024.14048
  53. Ganguly, A., Johri, A., Ali, A. et al. (2025). Generative artificial intelligence for academic research: evidence from guidance issued for researchers by higher education institutions in the United States. AI Ethics, 5, 3917–3933. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-025-00688-7
  54. Hailu, M. (2018). Models of higher education governance: rethinking the Ethiopian experience. The Ethiopian Journal of Higher Education, 5(1), 31-56.
  55. Humayoun, S., Yaqoob, B., Abbasi, N., Sajid, M., Aman, K., & Noor, N. (2024). Critical appraisal of a qualitative review: a systematic review. Pakistan Oral & Dental Journal, 44(4), 9–18. https://podj.com.pk/index.php/podj/article/view/811
  56. Janssen, M., Brous, P., Estevez, E., Barbosa, L., & Janowski, T. (2020). Data governance: Organizing data for trustworthy Artificial Intelligence. Gov. Inf. Q., 37, 101493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.giq.2020.101493
  57. Jin, Y., Yan, L., Echeverria, V., Gašević, D., & Martinez-Maldonado, R. (2025). Generative AI in higher education: A global perspective of institutional adoption policies and guidelines. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 8, 100348. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100348
  58. Kamak, Rami & Debo, Daba & Saaida, Mohammed. (2024). Challenges of AI in higher education. LVR Center. Libra Academy. 102–108.
  59. Katsamakas, E., Pavlov, O. V., & Saklad, R. (2024). Artificial intelligence and the transformation of higher education institutions: A systems approach. Sustainability, 16(14), 6118. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16146118
  60. Khairullah, S., Harris, S., Hadi, H., Sandhu, R., Ahmad, N., & Alshara, M. (2025). Implementing artificial intelligence in academic and administrative processes through responsible strategic leadership in the higher education institutions. Frontiers in Education, 10, 1548104 https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1548104
  61. Khan, S., Mazhar, T., Shahzad, T. et al. (2025). Harnessing AI for sustainable higher education: ethical considerations, operational efficiency, and future directions. Discov Sustain 6, 23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43621-025-00809-6
  62. Khanifar, H. & Moslemmi, N. (2022). Principles and Foundations of Qualitative Research Methods. Volume 1. Tehran: Negah Danesh Publishing.
  63. Kumar, A. (2025). Intelligent Data Governance in Distributed Systems: Advancing Compliance through AI Integration. International Journal of Scientific Research in Computer Science, Engineering and Information Technology, 11(2), 878–888. https://doi.org/10.32628/cseit25112434.
  64. Labib, L. N., & ElSabry, E. A. (2025). Integrating AI into Higher Education: A Comprehensive Exploration. In Interdisciplinary Studies on Digital Transformation and Innovation: Business, Education, and Medical Approaches (pp. 1–30). IGI Global Scientific Publishing.‏
  65. Lao, Y., & You, Y. (2024). Unraveling generative AI in BBC News: application, impact, literacy, and governance. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TG-01-2024-0022
  66. Laupichler, M. C., Aster, A., Schirch, J., & Raupach, T. (2021). Artificial intelligence literacy in higher and adult education: A scoping literature review. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100101
  67. Lee, I., Ali, S., Zhang, H., DiPaola, D., & Breazeal, C. (2021). Developing Middle School Students' AI Literacy. In SIGCSE ’21: Proceedings of the 52nd ACM technical symposium on computer science education (pp. 191–197). https://doi.org/10.1145/3408877.3432513
  68. Lockwood, J. (2014). Handbook of Automated Essay Evaluation. Current Applications and New Directions. Mark D. Shermis and Jill Burstein (eds.) 2013. New York: Routledge. pp. 194 ISBN: 9780415810968. Writing & Pedagogy, 6(2), 437–441. https://doi.org/1558/wap. v6i2.437
  69. Mahrishi, M., Abbas, A., & Siddiqui, M. (2024). Global Initiatives Towards Regulatory Frameworks for Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Higher Education. Digital Government: Research and Practice. 6(2), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3672462
  70. Malekzadeh, G. & Rajaei, Z. (2024). University Governance: Analyzing Key Drivers, Core Themes, and Major Outcomes. Governance and Development Journal, 4(3), 35–80. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2024.474396.1203
  71. Malterud, K. (2019). Qualitative Metasynthesis: A Research Method for Medicine and Health Sciences. Routledge, London.
  72. Mäntymäki, M., Minkkinen, M., Birkstedt, T. et al.  (2022). Defining organizational AI governance. AI Ethics. 2, 603–609. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00143-x
  73. Mariam, G., Adil, L., & Zakaria, B. (2024). The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into education systems and its impact on the governance of higher education institutions. International Journal of Professional Business Review, 9(12), e05176. https://doi.org/26668/businessreview/2024.v9i12.5176
  74. McNulty, N. (2023). Using AI for Auto-Marking of Assessment: Revolutionizing the Grading Process. https://www.niallmcnulty.com/2023/05/using-ai-for-auto-marking-of-assessment-revolutionising-the-grading-process/
  75. Moore, S., & Lookadoo, K. (2024). Communicating Clear Guidance: Advice for Generative AI Policy Development in Higher Education. Business and Professional Communication Quarterly, 87(4), 610–629. https://doi.org/10.1177/23294906241254786
  76. Musavi Khatir, S. J., Alamolhoda, J., & Hoseyni, M. (2025). Identification of solutions and policy implications for the promotion of Farhangian University. Quarterly Journal of Research and Planning in Higher Education, 31(2), 129–147. https://doi.org/10.61838/KMAN.IRPHE.31.2.7
  77. Naeem, M., Ozuem, W., Howell, K., & Ranfagni, S. (2023). A Step-by-Step Process of Thematic Analysis to Develop a Conceptual Model in Qualitative Research. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 22. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231205789
  78. Nguyen, K.V. (2025). The Use of Generative AI Tools in Higher Education: Ethical and Pedagogical Principles. J Acad Ethics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10805-025-09607-1.
  79. Nitzberg, M., & Zysman, J. (2021). Algorithms, data, and platforms: the diverse challenges of governing AI. Journal of European Public Policy, 29, 1753 - 1778. https://doi.org/10.1080/13501763.2022.2096668.
  80. Nugroho, H., & Surendro, K. (2014). Main and Support Enablers of Vocational Higher Education Governance 2nd International Conference on Information and Communication Technology (ICoICT). Bandung, Indonesia.
  81. Olyaee, S., Montazer, G. A., & Hosseini Moghaddam, M. (2024). Policy Recommendations for the Realization of Intelligent Higher Education in Iran Based on Global Trends. Journal of Science and Technology Policy, 17(2), 69–88. https://doi.org/10.22034/jstp.2024.11659.1784
  82. Oncioiu, I, Bularca, AR. (2025). Artificial Intelligence Governance in Higher Education: The Role of Knowledge-Based Strategies in Fostering Legal Awareness and Ethical Artificial Intelligence Literacy. Societies. 15(6), 144. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc15060144
  83. Onnen, A. (2024). AI-specific skills for integration into existing competency frameworks. Cuestiones de Fisioterapia, 53(03), 3315–3335. https://doi.org/10.48047/CU
  84. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). (2019). OECD AI Principles Overview. https://oecd.ai/en/ai-principles.
  85. Papagiannidis, E., Enholm, I. M., Dremel, C., Mikalef, P., & Krogstie, J. (2022). Toward AI Governance: Identifying Best Practices and Potential Barriers and Outcomes. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(1), 123. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10251-y
  86. Papagiannidis, E., Mikalef, P., & Conboy, K. (2025). Responsible artificial intelligence governance: A review and research framework. The Journal of Strategic Information Systems, 34(2), 101885. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsis.2024.101885
  87. Pellicelli, M. (2023). Managing the supply chain: Technologies for digitalization solutions. The Digital Transformation of Supply Chain Management, 101–152. https://doi.org/1016/B978-0-323-85532-7.00002-5
  88. Piraud, M., Camero, A., Götz, M., Kesselheim, S., Steinbach, P., & Weigel, T. (2023). Providing AI expertise as an infrastructure in academia. Patterns, 4(8), 100819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patter.2023.100819
  89. Pisica, A., Edu, T., Zaharia, R., & Zaharia, R. (2023). Implementing Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: Pros and Cons from the Perspectives of Academics. Societies, 13(5), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/soc13050118
  90. Popenici, SAD, Kerr, S. (2017). Exploring the impact of artificial intelligence on teaching and learning in higher education. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 12(1), 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-017-0062-8
  91. Pourkarimi, J. & Aliakbari, Z. (2025). The Four Areas of Artificial Intelligence Governance in Education: A Meta-Synthesis Study. Quarterly Journal of New Advances in Educational Management, 6(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.22034/njournal.2025.501570.1008
  92. Pourkarimi, J. & Aliakbari, Z. (2025). The Governance Ecosystem of Artificial Intelligence in Education: A Grounded Theory Approach. Governance and Development Journal, 5(2), 99–121. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2025.498180.1246
  93. Pourkarimi, J., Azizi, M., & Mousavi, S. H. (2024). Governance model in turbulent environments (A meta-Synthesis study). Governance and Development Journal, (), e211155. https://doi.org/10.22111/jipaa.2024.473098.1199
  94. Qian, L., Cao, W. & Chen, L. (2025). The Influence of Artificial Intelligence on Higher Education Reform and Talent Cultivation in the Digital Intelligence Era. Sci Rep, 15(1), 6047. https://doi.org/1038/s41598-025-89392-4
  95. Qolamani, K. I. B. & Mohammed, M. M. (2023). The digital revolution in higher education: Transforming teaching and learning. QALAMUNA: Jurnal Pendidikan, Sosial, dan Agama, 15(2), 837–846. https://doi.org/37680/qalamuna. v15i2.3905
  96. Radjabov, S., & Ravshanov, F. (2024). Implementation of AI-Based Algorithm and its Complications and Security Constraints in HE System. 2024 4th International Conference on Advanced Computing and Innovative Technologies in Engineering (ICACITE), 1597–1602. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICACITE60783.2024.10616878.
  97. Ruano-Borbalan, J.-C. (2025). The transformative impact of artificial intelligence on higher education: A critical reflection on current trends and future directions. International Journal of Chinese Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1177/2212585X251319364
  98. Russell, S. J., & Norvig, P. (2016). Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Pearson.
  99. Sain, Z., & Laval, U. (2024). Morality in Higher Education's AI Integration: Examining Ethical Stances on Implementation. Journal of Educational Management Research. 3(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.61987/jemr.v3i1.351
  100. Salazar, J., & Leihy, P. (2011). Keeping up with coordination: From Clark's triangle to microcosmographic. Studies in Higher Education, 38(1), 53–70. https://doi.org/1080/03075079.2011.564609
  101. Sandelowski, M. & Barros, J. (2007). Handbook for Synthesizing Qualitative Research. Springer Publishing Company, Inc.
  102. Schneider, J., Abraham, R., Meske, C., & Vom Brocke, J. (2023). Artificial Intelligence Governance for Businesses, Information Systems Management, 40(3), 229–249. https://doi.org/10.1080/10580530.2022.2085825
  103. Selvaratnam, R., & Venaruzzo, L. (2023). Governance of artificial intelligence and data in Australasian higher education: A snapshot of policy and practice. An ACODE Whitepaper. Australasian Council on Open, Distance and eLearning (ACODE). Canberra. Australia. (14 December). https://doi.org/10.14742/apubs
  104. Shankar, V. (2024). Managing the Twin Faces of AI: A Commentary on “Is AI Changing the World for Better or Worse?”. Journal of Macromarketing, 44(4), 892–899. https://doi.org/10.1177/02761467241286483
  105. Sharma, S. (2024). Benefits or concerns of AI: A multistakeholder responsibility. Futures, 157, 103328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.futures.2024.103328
  106. Slimi, Z., & Carballido, B. V. (2023). Navigating the Ethical Challenges of Artificial Intelligence in Higher Education: An Analysis of Seven Global AI Ethics Policies. Tem Journal, 12(2), 590–602. https://doi.org/10.18421/TEM122-02
  107. Southworth, J., Migliaccio, K., Glover, J., Glover, J., Reed, D., McCarty, C., Brendemuhl, J., & Thomas, A. (2022). Developing a model for AI Across the curriculum: Transforming the higher education landscape via innovation in AI literacy. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2023.100127
  108. Symeou, L., Louca, L., Kavadella, A., Mackay, J., Danidou, Y., & Raffay, V. (2025). Development of Evidence‐Based Guidelines for the Integration of Generative AI in University Education Through a Multidisciplinary, Consensus‐Based Approach. European Journal of Dental Education, 29, 285–303. https://doi.org/10.1111/eje.13069.
  109. Taeihagh, A. (2021). Governance of artificial intelligence. Policy and Society, 40, 137 - 157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1928377
  110. Tang, Y. (2025). Cultivating university data culture in the age of artificial intelligence: a conceptual framework and critical reflections. Information Research an International Electronic Journal, 30(iConf), 500–507. https://doi.org/10.47989/ir30iConf47293
  111. Temper, M., Tjoa, S., and David, L. (2025). Higher Education Act for AI (HEAT-AI): A framework to regulate the usage of AI in higher education institutions. Front. Educ. 10, 1505370. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1505370
  112. Ulnicane, I., Knight, W., Leach, T., Stahl, B. C., & Wanjiku, W. G. (2021). Framing governance for a contested emerging technology: insights from AI policy. Policy and Society, 40(2), 158–177.‏ https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2020.1855800
  113. UNESCO. (2021). Artificial Intelligence and Education. Guidance for Policy-makers. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 1–50.
  114. UNESCO. (2022). Higher education governance. Available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo).
  115. UNESCO. (2023). Ethics of Artificial Intelligence. Retrieved from https://www.unesco.org/en/artifi cial-intelligence/recommendation-ethics
  116. Walter, Y. (2024). Embracing the future of Artificial Intelligence in the classroom: the relevance of AI literacy, prompt engineering, and critical thinking in modern education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 21, 1–29. https://doi.org/1186/s41239-024-00448-3.
  117. Wang, H., Dang, A., Wu, Z., & Mac, S. (2024). Generative AI in higher education: Seeing ChatGPT through universities' policies, resources, and guidelines. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 7, 100326. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2024.100326
  118. Wang, S., Wang, F., Zhu, Z., Wang, J., Tran, T., & Du, Z. (2024). Artificial intelligence in education: A systematic literature review. Expert Systems with Applications, 252, 124167. https://doi.org/1016/j.eswa.2024.124167
  119. Wodi, A. (2024). Artificial Intelligence (AI) Governance: An Overview, Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=4840769or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4840769
  120. Wu, C., Zhang, H., & Carroll, J. M. (2024). AI Governance in Higher Education: Case Studies of Guidance at Big Ten Universities. Future Internet, 16(10), 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/fi16100354
  121. Yang, F., Abedin, M. Z., Qiao, Y., & Ye, L. (2024). Towards Trustworthy Governance of AI-Generated Content (AIGC): A Blockchain-Driven Regulatory Framework for Secure Digital Ecosystems. IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management. PP (99), 1-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TEM.2024.3472292
  122. Zhang, L., & Xu, J. (2024). The paradox of self-efficacy and technological dependence: Unraveling generative AI's impact on university students' task completion. Internet High. Educ., 65, 100978. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100978
Iranian Journal of Public Policy
Volume 12, Issue 1
March 2026
Pages 225-243

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics