Designing Policy Model for E-learning in Education of the Islamic Republic of Iran

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Master of Public Policy, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.

2 Assistant Professor; Department of Social Studies, Nasiba Campus, Farhangian University, Tehran, Iran.

Abstract

Due to the advancement of information and communication technologies, educational policy makers have been encouraged to formulate a policy model for the development of e-learning. The Islamic Republic of Iran also needs to design a suitable policy model in this field. In this research, first of all, the theoretical literature of policy design was examined using the content analysis method, and the elements of policy design with a technical orientation were extracted. Then, through analytical and comparative studies, the initial research model was presented. The data collection tool of the theoretical sections is the documentary and library method. The validation of the obtained components was done through a semi-structured interview with experts in the field of e-learning in the Supreme Council of Education and the General Directorate of Education of Isfahan province and was approved by the experts. The data of this stage of the research was collected by the qualitative coding method of Strauss and Corbin and the obtained information was classified into 4 concepts (knowing the existing situation, providing technological infrastructure, executive management, and creating an e-learning environment). Finally, a policy model was presented.

Keywords


  1. Abbasi, Abolfazel; Shareiat, Hasan; Sarbazhosini, Aliakbar . (2018). Comparison of the Effect of Electronic Learning on Critical Thinking, Creativity and Academic Achievement in Secondary High School Students in Empirical Sciences. Information and Communication Technology in Educational Sciences, 8(4). 5-23. [in Persian].
  2. Ahmadi, Gholamali; Abbaszadehshahri, Tahira; Darvishi, Ali; Mirjovanizanganeh, Catherine. (2016). An overview of how to provide financial resources in education, International Conference of Management Elites. [in Persian].
  3. 3- Alessi, S. M., & Trollip, S. R. (l99l). Computer-based instruction: Methods and development. (2nd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
  4. Alexander, Ernest R. (1982). Design in the Decision-Making Process. Policy Sciences 14:279–292.
  5. Al Gamdi, M.; & Samarji, A. (2016). Perceived barriers towards e-Learning by faculty members at a recently established university in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 6(1), 23-27.
  6. Al Hosseini, Seyyed Hasan. (2005). An introduction to Distance Education. Tehran: Monadi Tarbiat. [in Persian].
  7. Ashtarian, Kyomarth. (2018). Guide to Government Planning and Public Policy. Tehran: Shap va Nashr Bazargani. [in Persian].
  8. Araral, Eduardo; Scott Fritzen; M. Howlett; M. Ramesh; Wu Xun (eds). (2013). Routledge Handbook of Public Policy. Abingdon: Routledge.
  9. Babaei, Mahmoud. (2010). An Introduction to E-learning. Research Institute of Information Science and Technology of Iran: Tehran: Chapar. [in Persian].
  10. Beck, Charles E; Schornack, Gary R. (2004). Theory and Practice for Distance Education: A Heuristic Model for the Virtual Classroom. In Howard. In Howard. C; Schenk. K; Discenza, R. Distance Learning and University Effectiveness: Changing Educational Paradigms for Online Learning. London: Information science publishing.
  11. Bell, Leslie and Stevenson, Howard (2006) Education policy: process, themes and impact. Leadership for learning. Routledge, London.
  12. Bobrow, Davis B. and John S. Dryzek. (1987). Policy Analysis by Design. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  13. Borotis, S., & Poulymenakou, A. (2004). E-learning readiness components: Key issues to consider before adopting e-learning interventions. In E-Learn: World Conference on E-Learning in Corporate, Government, Healthcare, and Higher Education (pp. 1622-1629). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE).
  14. Daneshvar, Mitra; Mehrmohammadi, Mahmood. (2013). The Required Qualities of E-learning Instructors. Interdisciplinary Journal of Virtual Learning in Medical Sciences. 4(3). 10-19. [in Persian].
  15. Deleon, P. (2001). A Democratic Approach to Policy Implementation. Paper prepared for presentation at the Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association, August 31, San Francisco.
  16. Document of the fundamental transformation of education. (2011). Supreme Council for Cultural Revolution. [in Persian].
  17. Dublin, L. (2003). If you only look under the street lamps…or nine E-learning myths. E-learning developers journal.
  18. Fischer, Frank; Miller, Gerald J; Sidney, Mara S. (2007). Handbook of public policy analysis: theory, politics, and methods (Public Administration and Public Policy). Florida: CRC Press.
  19. Fischer, Frank. (2000). Citizens, Experts, and the Environment: The Politics of Local Knowledge. Durham and London: Duke University Press.
  20. Ghorchian, Nadergholi and Jafari, Paryosh (2003). Examining Virtual Universities in order to Provide a Suitable Model for Setting up a Virtual University in the Country. Management Future Research, 15(3) . [in Persian].
  21. Goodyear, Peter. (2005). Educational design and networked learning: Patterns, pattern languages and design practice. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology. 21(1), 82-101.
  22. Haji Babaei et al., (2013). Information and Communication Technology Strategy of the Ministry of Education, Tehran: Tahrir Khiyal. [in Persian].
  23. Howlett, Michael. (2014). Policy Design: What, Who, How and Why? In book: L'instrumentation et ses effets. (281-315). Publisher: Paris, Presses de Sciences Po. Editors: Halpern Charlotte and Lascoumes Pierre and Le Galès Patrick.
  24. Howlett, Michael and Joshua Newman. (2010). Policy analysis and policy work in federal systems: Policy advice and its contribution to evidence-based policy-making in multi-level governance systems, Policy and Society 29, 123-136.
  25. Hwang, Dae Joon, Hye-Kyung Yang & Hyeonjin Kim. (2010). E-learning in the Republic of Korea. Moscow, Russia: UNESCO Institute for Information Technologies in Education.
  26. Immergut, Ellen M. (1998). The Theoretical Core of the New Institutionalism. Politics and Society 26:5–34.
  27. Khan, B. H. (2005). Managing E-learning: Design, Delivery, Implementation and Evaluation, Hershey, PA: Information Science Publishing.
  28. Kong, Siu Cheung; Chan, Tak‐Wai; Huang, Ronghuai; Cheah, Horn Mun (2014): A review of e‐Learning policy in school education in Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and Beijing: implications to future policy planning. In: Journal of Computers in Education 1 (2‐3), S. 187–212.
  29. Lai, Jung-Yu .(2015). A Literature Review: Readiness Factors to Measuring e-Learning Readiness in Higher Education, Procedia Computer Science.
  30. Linder, Stephen H. and B. Guy Peters. (1985). From Social Theory to Policy Design. Journal of Public Policy, 4:237–259.
  31. Masoudizadeh, Fatemeh; Khosravipour, Bahman. (2016). Electronic Learning and its Impact on the Teaching and Learning Process. the First National Conference on Educational System Planning and Transformation, Qom. [in Persian].
  32. May, Peter. (1991). Reconsidering Policy Design: Policies and Publics. Journal of Public Policy. 11:187–206.
  33. Mirbaha, Omid; Aghigh, Kamal. (2020). Educational Design based on the National Certification of Electronic Education. National Conference of Exchange of Experiences of Universities and Educational Centers in the Implementation of E-learning in the Crisis of Covid-19, Khwaja Nasiruddin Tosi University. [in Persian].
  34. Mirsaidi, Golnoosh; Imani, Mohammadnaghi. Nazem, Fattah, (2016). Evaluation of Effective Organizational Infrastructure in the Use of E-learning. Nursing Management Quarterly. 5(2). [in Persian].
  35. Nasri, Shabnam; Rezaei, Eisa. (2011). Electronic Book, Efficient and Effective Strategic Learning and Training in the Service of Publishing and Knowledge Dissemination Institutions in the New Era. In Sync with Education, 2(2). [in Persian].
  36. Norozi, Dariush; Velayati, Elahe; Vahadaniasadi, Mohammadreza. (2018). Advanced Educational Technology. Tehran: Samt.[in Persian].
  37. Omwenga, E.I., Waema, T. M. and Wagacha, P.W. (2004). A model for introducing and implementing e-learning for delivery of educational content within the African context. African Journal of Science and Technology. Science and Engineering Series. Vol. 5, No. 1, pp. 35 – 48.
  38. Pittard, Vanessa. (2004). Evidence for e-learning policy, Technology, Pedagogy and Education. 13(2) 13:2, 181-194.
  39. Ranjbar, Zahra. Amirizadeh, Sara. (2018). An Approach on the Necessity of Using Electronic Education. Journal of Science and Engineering Elites. 3(5). [in Persian].
  40. Rezaei, Eisa; Nasri, Shabnam. (2013). Electronic textbooks’ position in educational systems. Iranian Quarterly of Education Strategies, 5(4). 265-273. [in Persian].
  41. Rixecker, Stefanie S. (1994). Expanding the Discursive Context of Policy Design: A Matter of Femi-nist Standpoint Epistemology. Policy Sciences 27:119–142.
  42. Rochefort, D. and R.W. Cobb. (1994). Problem Definition: An Emerging Perspective. in The Politics of Problem Definition, edited by D. Rochefort and R. W. Cobb. Lawrence: Kansas University Press.
  43. Saekow, Apitep; Samson Dolly. (2011). E-learning Readiness of Thailand’s Universities Comparing to the USA’s Cases. International Journal of e-Education, e-Business, e-Management and e-Learning. 1(2).
  44. Saraji, Farhad. Attaran, Mohammad. (2017). E-learning: Basics, Design, Implementation and Evaluation. Hamadan: Boali Sina University Publishing Center. [in Persian].
  45. Schneider, Anne Larson and Helen Ingram. (1997). Policy Design for Democracy. Lawrence: University of Kansas Press.
  46. Schneider, Anne Larson and Helen Ingram, (eds). (2005). Deserving and Entitled: Social Constructions and Public Policy. SUNY Series in Public Policy. Albany: State University of New York.
  47. Shams, Gholamreza; Tari, Farzane; Rezaizadeh, Morteza (2019). Identifying Infrastructural and Managerial Barriers to Using E-learning in Human Resources Education. Journal of Research in Teaching. 7(3). [in Persian].
  48. UNESCO . (2018). Global Education Monitoring Report 2019: Migration Displacement and Education Building – Bridgest, not walls. Paris, UNESCO.
  49. UNESCO . (2017). UNESCO’s Work in ICT in Education Policy. Fengchun Miao Chief, Unit for ICT in Education (ED/PLS/ICT) Education Sector, UNESCO HQs.
  50. (2013). Strategy for ICT in Education: Challenges, Priority Areas, and Deliverables Presented for Discussion at UNESCO High-Level Policy Forum on ICT and Education for All, 10-11 June.
  51. Wachholz, Cedric, (2004). Programme Specialist, Focal Point for ICT in Education, ICT and Policy Development. UNESCO Asia and Pacific Regional Bureau for Education,920 Sukhumvit Road Bangkok 10110, Thailand.
  52. Weimer, David L. (1992). The Craft of Policy Design: Can it be more than Art? Policy Studies Review: 370–388.
  53. Zarifsana'i, Nahid; Farajollahi, Mehran. (2012). Presenting a Conceptual Model of Distance Learning in Higher Education. Iranian Higher Education Association. Journal of Higher Education. 4 (1): 129-159. [in Persian].