This article's primary focus is AI policymaking in the European Union. For this purpose, one examined the foundations, approach, and mode of governance and emphasized ethical principles. Focusing on the EU can be vital as this region is a pioneer in regulating emerging digital technologies and platforms. The European Union is trying to regulate artificial intelligence technologies and companies providing artificial intelligence services through its legislation and policies. The article analyzed the content of documents related to artificial intelligence in Europe using the document analysis approach and qualitative content analysis. This article showed that considering the fundamental principles, formulating a general approach, considering ethical principles, and devising a governance system appropriate to each society's background conditions is necessary for applying artificial intelligence for national interests and reducing its potential risks.
AI Act Texts. (2023). EU Artificial Intelligence Act. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from https://artificialintelligenceact.eu/the-act-texts/
Bradford, A. (2023). Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology. Oxford University Press.
Calo, R., & Crawford, K. (2020). The US Should Adopt a More European Approach to Regulating AI. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2020/03/the-u-s-should-adopt-a-more-european-approach-to-regulating-ai
Cath, C., Wachter, S., Mittelstadt, B., Taddeo, M., & Floridi, L. (2018). Artificial Intelligence and the 'Good Society': The US, EU, and UK Approach. Science and Engineering Ethics, 24(2), 505-528. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11948-017-9901-7
Chamberlain, J. (2023). The Risk-Based Approach of the European Union’s Proposed Artificial Intelligence Regulation: Some Comments from a Tort Law Perspective. European Journal of Risk Regulation, 14(1), 1–13. doi:10.1017/err.2022.38
Coeckelbergh, M. (2022). The Political Philosophy of AI. Polity Press.
Council of the European Union. (2023, December 9). Timeline - Artificial intelligence. https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/policies/artificial-intelligence/
Dafoe, A. (2018). AI Governance: A Research Agenda. Governance of Dual-Use Technologies: Theory and Practice, 19-41. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198841864.003.0003
Daly, A., Hagendorff, T., Li, H., Mann, M., Marda, V., Wagner, B., Wang, W. W., & Witteborn, S. (2019). Artificial Intelligence, Governance and Ethics: Global Perspectives. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2019-15, University of Hong Kong Faculty of Law Research Paper No. 2019/033. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3414805
Darpa, I. (2003). DARPA Grand Challenge: Results. https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/-grand-challenge-for-autonomous-vehicles
Darpa, I. (2003). DARPA Grand Challenge: Results. https://www.darpa.mil/about-us/timeline/-grand-challenge-for-autonomous-vehicles
Dentons. (2023, December 14). The New EU AI Act – The 10 key things you need to know now. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from https://www.dentons.com/en/insights/articles/2023/december/14/the-new-eu-ai-act-the-10-key-things-you-need-to-know-now
Elliott, A. (2022). Making Sense of AI: Our Algorithmic World. Oxford University Press.
Engler, A. (2023). The EU and U.S. diverge on AI regulation: A transatlantic comparison and steps to alignment. Brookings Institution. United States of America. Retrieved from https://policycommons.net/artifacts/4140126/the-eu-and-us-diverge-on-ai-regulation/4948949/
Ernst & Young. (2023). The European Union Artificial Intelligence Act. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from https://assets.ey.com/content/dam/ey-sites/ey-com/en_gl/topics/artificial-intelligence/ey-the-european-union-artificial-intelligence-act.pdf
Ertel, W. (2010). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence. Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science. Springer.
European Commission (2021). White Paper on Artificial Intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/white-paper-artificial-intelligence-european-approach-excellence-and-trust_en
European Commission (2024) AI Act (Shaping Europe’s digital future), European Commission, https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/regulatory-framework-ai#:~:text=The%20European%20AI%20Office%2C%20established,dignity%2C%20rights%2C%20and%20trust
European Commission. (2020, February 18). White paper on artificial intelligence - A European approach to excellence and trust. https://commission.europa.eu/publications/white-paper-artificial-intelligence-european-approach-excellence-and-trust_en
European Commission. (2021). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council laying down harmonized rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act). COM (2021) 206 final. Retrieved from https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206&from=EN
European Commission. (2021, April 21). Q&A on Artificial Intelligence. https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/api/files/document/print/en/qanda_21_1683/QANDA_21_1683_EN.pdf
European Commission. (2021b, April 21). Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council on a European approach for Artificial Intelligence (COM(2021) 206 final). https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=CELEX:52021PC0206&from=EN
European Commission. (2023, February 19). A European approach to artificial intelligence | Shaping Europe's digital future. https://www.digitaleurope.org/news/joint-statement-lets-give-ai-in-europe-a-fighting-chance/
European Commission. (2023, February 19). A European approach to artificial intelligence | Shaping Europe's digital future. https://www.eitdigital.eu/fileadmin/2022/ecosystem/makers-shapers/reports/EIT-Digital-Artificial-Intelligence-Report.pdf
European Parliament. (2023). Artificial intelligence act. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from https://www.europarl.europa.eu/legislative-train/theme-a-new-push-for-european-democracy/file-artificial-intelligence-act
European Parliament. (2023, June 1). EU AI Act - First regulation on artificial intelligence. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence
European Parliament. (2023, June 1). EU AI Act - First regulation on artificial intelligence. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/topics/en/article/20230601STO93804/eu-ai-act-first-regulation-on-artificial-intelligence
Executive Office of the President of the United States. (2020). Guidance for Regulation of Artificial Intelligence Applications. https://www.whitehouse.gov/ai/guidance-for-regulation-of-artificial-intelligence-applications/
Floridi, L., & Cowls, J. (2019). A Unified Framework of Five Principles for AI in Society. Harvard Data Science Review, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1162/99608f92.f7b6282a
Gasser, U., & Almeida, V. (2017). A Layered Model for AI Governance. IEEE Internet Computing, 21(6), 58-62.
Hagendorff, T. (2020). The Ethics of AI Ethics: An Evaluation of Guidelines. Minds and Machines, 30(1), 99-120. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11023-020-09517-8
Hendler, J. (2008). The state of artificial intelligence: An interview with James Hendler. IEEE Intelligent Systems, 23(3), 2-4.https://doi.org/10.1109/MIS.2008.48
Hsu, J. (2022, December 28). EU's Artificial Intelligence Act will lead the world on regulating AI. New Scientist. https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg25634192-300-eus-artificial-intelligence-act-will-lead-the-world-on-regulating-ai/
ISACA. (2023, June 14). The EU AI Act: Adoption Through a Risk Management Framework. ISACA. https://www.isaca.org/resources/news-and-trends/industry-news/2023/the-eu-ai-act-adoption-through-a-risk-management-framework
Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
Jordan, M. I., & Mitchell, T. M. (2015). Machine learning: Trends, perspectives, and prospects. Science, 349(6245), 255-260. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa8415
Kazemi, A., & Motalebi Korbekandi, H. (2021). Challenges and opportunities of artificial intelligence for superior governance. In Proceedings of the third national conference and the first international conference on superior governance (pp. 8-18). Retrieved from https://governanceschool.ir/file/download/download/1655281695-1172.pdf?language=fa
Laux, J., Wachter, S., & Mittelstadt, B. (2023). Trustworthy artificial intelligence and the European Union AI act: On the conflation of trustworthiness and acceptability of risk. Regulation and Governance, 18(1), 3-32
LeCun, Y., Bengio, Y., & Hinton, G. (2015). Deep learning. Nature, 521(7553), 436-444.
Lyle, K. (2023, March 5). AI and Product Safety Standards Under the EU AI Act. Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. Retrieved March 10, 2024, from https://carnegieendowment.org/2023/03/05/ai-and-product-safety-standards-under-eu-ai-act-pub-88795
Mason Hayes Curran. (2023, February 14). EU AI Act: Risk Categories. MHC.ie. https://www.mhc.ie/latest/insights/the-eu-ai-act-imaging-and-diagnostics-2
Müller, V. C. (2020). Ethics of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics. In E. N. Zalta (Ed.), The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2020 Edition). https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2020/entries/ethics-ai/
Pandectes. (2024, January 22). What are the risk levels in the EU AI Act? Pandectes. https://pandectes.io/blog/what-are-the-risk-levels-in-the-eu-ai-act/
Pourezzat, A. A et al. (2019). The return of rationality: Application of artificial intelligence in governance and public policy. Administrative Studies and Researches, 3(2), 8-18.
Radu, R. (2019). Negotiating Internet Governance. Oxford University Press.
Radu, R. (2021). Steering the governance of artificial intelligence: national strategies in perspective. Policy and Society, 40(2), 178-193. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1929728Roberts, H., Cowls, J., Morley, J., Taddeo, M., Wang, V., & Floridi, L. (2021). The Chinese Approach to Artificial Intelligence: An Analysis of Policy, Ethics, and Regulation. AI & Society, 1-19.
Sharma, A., & Kumar, M. (2020). Artificial Intelligence: Concepts, Methodologies, and Applications. In: Sharma, A. & Kumar, M. (eds.). Introduction to Artificial Intelligence (pp. 1–23). Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2830-5_1
Sharma, G. D., Yadav, A., & Chopra, R. (2020). Artificial intelligence and effective governance: A review, critique and research agenda. Sustainable Futures, 2, 100004. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sftr.2019.100004
State Council of the People's Republic of China. (2017). A Next Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/content/2017-07/20/content_5211996.htm
Stix, C. (2022). The Ghost of AI Governance Past, Present, and Future: AI Governance in the European Union. In J. B. Bullock et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of AI Governance. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780197579329.013.56
Stone, P., Brooks, R. A., Brynjolfsson, E., Calo, R., Etzioni, O., Hager, G. D., ... & Teller, A. (2016). Artificial Intelligence and Life in 2030. One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence, Stanford University. http://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report
Taeihagh, A. (2021). Governance of artificial intelligence. Policy and Society, 40(2), 137-157. https://doi.org/10.1080/14494035.2021.1928377
Hassani, H. (2024). Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 10(2), 187-203. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98291
MLA
Hossein Hassani. "Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles", Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 10, 2, 2024, 187-203. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98291
HARVARD
Hassani, H. (2024). 'Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles', Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 10(2), pp. 187-203. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98291
VANCOUVER
Hassani, H. Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 2024; 10(2): 187-203. doi: 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98291