A Comparative Study of Iran's Higher Education Internationalization Policies and Strategies with the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany

Document Type : Review Article

Author

PhD in Higher Education Management, Urmia University, Orumiyeh, Iran

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare the policies & strategies of internationalization of Iranian HE with some leading countries. This study was a comparative study based on the Mill's model. Sample countries were purposefully selected according to the available documents.  The results showed that all countries don't agree on “achieving high quality of education & research", " earning economic benefits", "cultural diversity & underst&ing", "achieving high st&ards & research power" & "knowledge diplomacy". All countries agree on "participation in research projects" & "teacher-student exchange". Since the main challenge of internationalization of HE in Iran is the lack of clear & purposeful policy at the policy-making level, it is suggested that serious studies & actions should be taken to determine, clear & leading policies So that appropriate strategies can be adopted through it.

Keywords


  1. Almedia, J., et al. (2019). Underst&ing Internationalization at Home: Perspectives from the Global North & South. European Educational Research Journal, 18(2), 200-217.
  2. Altbach, P., Reisberg, L. & Rumbley, L. (2009). Trends in Global Higher Education, Tracking an Academic Revolution. Paris: UNESCO.
  3. 1Australian Government, Department of education, skills & employment. (2020). International student data. Monthly summary. Australian Government
  4. Bh&ari, R., Robles, C. & Farrugia, C. (2018). International higher Education: Shifting mobilities, policy challenges, & new initiatives. Paper commissioned for the 2019 Global Education Monitoring Report. Migration, displacement & education: Building bridges, not walls”.
  5. Brown, J., Kurzweil, M. & Prithcett, W. (2017). Quality Assurance in U.S. Higher Education: The Current L&scape & Principles for Reform. ITHAKASR. https://sr.ithaka.org/publications/quality-assurance-in-u-s-higher-education.
  6. (2020). Cic news. Available at https://www.cicnews.com/2020/02/642000-international-students-canada-now-ranks-3rd-globally-in-foreign-student-attraction-0213763.html.
  7. Craciun, D. (2018). National Policies for Higher Education Internationalization: A Global Comparative Perspective, In: Curaj A., Deca L., Pricopie R. (eds) European Higher Education Area: The Impact of Past & Future Policies. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-77407-7_7.
  8. De Wit, H. (2010). Internationalization of higher education in Europe & it's assessment, trends & issues. NVAO.
  9. De Wit, H. (2011). Globalisation & Internationalisation of Higher Education. Introduction to online monograph. RUSC, 8(2), 241-248.
  10. 20- De Wit, H. & Hunter, F. (2015). The Future of Internationalization of Higher Education in Europe. International Higher Education, 83, 2–3.
  11. De Wit, H., Hunter, F., Howard, L. & Egron- Polak, E. (2015). Internationalisation of higher education. European Parliament.
  12. Fischer, S., Kilpatrick, S. & Fan, S. (2019). Underst&ing Higher Education Internationalisation Governance: Comparing policy development & implementation across three cases. EERA, ECER Conference. https://eera-ecer.de/ecer-programmes/conference/24/contribution/46808.
  13. Global Affairs Canada. (2019). Building on success: International education strategy 2019-2024. Available at https://www.international.gc.ca/education/assets/pdfs/ies-sei/Building-on-Success International-Education-Strategy-2019-2024.pdf.
  14. Helms, R. M & Brajkovic, L. (2018). Internationalization of Higher Education, US Perspectives. American Council on Education. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9553-1_226-1
  15. (2019). Number of International Students in the United States Hits All-Time High. Available at https://www.iie.org/Why-IIE/Announcements/2019/11/Number-of-International-Students-in-the-United-States-Hits-All-Time-High.
  16. Knight, J. (2008). Higher Education in Turmoil. The Changing World of Internationalization. Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.
  17. Knight, J. (2012). Student Mobility & Internationalization: Trends & Tribulations. Research in Comparative & International Education, 7(1), 20-33.
  18. Knight, J. (2019). Knowledge diplomacy in action. Higher Education Systems Research. British council.
  19. Knight, J. & De Wit, H. (2018). Internationalization of Higher Education: Past & Future. The Center for International Higher Education. 95, 1-3.
  20. Leask, B. (2015). Internationalizing the curriculum. London: Routledge.
  21. Open Doors. (2016). Report on international educational exchange. Institute of International Education. http:// iie.org/fi-FI/Research-&-Publications/~/link. aspx?_id=422DF2E80E7C4ADEA7198F67282186D 9&_z=z. Accessed 1 Mar 2017.
  22. Perez-Encians, A. (2018). A Collaborative Approach in the Internationalisation Cycle of Higher Education Institutions. In: Curaj A., Deca L., Pricopie R. (eds) European Higher Education Area: The Impact of Past & Future Policies. Springer, Cham.
  23. Project Atlas. (2017). Infographics & Data. New York: Institute of International Education. https://www.iie.org/Research-&-Insights/Project-Atlas/Explore-Data.
  24. Rezaei, H., Yousefi, A., Larijani, B., Dehnavieh, R., Rezaei, N. & Adibi, P. (2018). Internationalization or globalization of higher education. J Edu Health Promot, 7 (8)
  25. Romani Dias, M., Carneiro, J. & Dos Santos Barbosa, A. (2019). Internationalization of higher education institutions: the underestimated role of faculty. International Journal of Educational Management. 33 (2), 300-316.
  26. Rosyidah, R., Matin, & Rosyidi, U. (2020). Internationalization in higher education: university’s effective promotion strategies in building international trust. European Journal of Educational Research, 9 (1), 351-361.
  27. Shaydorova, G. (2014). Rationales for the internationalization of higher education: the case of Russia. Master's Thesis. University of Tampere.
  28. Soliman, S., Anchor, J. & Taylor, D. (2019) The international strategies of universities: deliberate or emergent? Studies in Higher Education, 44 (8), 1413-1424,
  29. Staples, B. A., Dahl, L. S., Mayhew, M. J., & Rockenbach, A. N. (2019). Worldview climate & the international student experience: Internationalization strategies overlook interfaith necessities. Journal for the Study of Postsecondary & Tertiary Education, 4, 149-176.
  30. Study in UK. (2020). International Student Statistics in UK 2020. https://www.studying-in-uk.org/international-student-statistics-in-uk/
  31. Studying in Germany. (2020). Study in Germany: The International Student’s Guide To Free-Tuition Education In Germany. Available at https://www.studying-in-germany.org/
  32. Wihlborg, M. & Robson, S. (2017). Internationalization of higher education: Impacts, challenges & future possibilities. European Educational Research Journal.
  33. Asghari, Firouzeh (2018). An introduction to the policy of internationalization of higher education in Iran. Tehran: Research Institute of Cultural & Social Studies [in Persian].
  34. Eslami, Zahra, Hakimzadeh, Rezvan & Sabouri, Ali Akbar (2018). A comparative study of the explanation of research quality measurement frameworks in Iran's higher education system with the countries of Engl&, Australia, Holl&, Italy & Hong Kong. Quarterly of Research in Educational Systems, 12(42), 59-76 [in Persian].
  35. Firouzjaian, Talat al-Sharia & Khors&i Taskuh, Ali (2016). Identification & analysis of the factors of refusal to internationalize specialized universities with a focus on internationalization strategy at home (IAH). Journal of Educational Planning Studies, 7(13), 46-75 [in Persian].
  36. Hassan Rezaei, Jafar (2020). Investigation of the effect of the quality of educational services on student loyalty with the mediation of satisfaction. Journal of management & planning in educational systems, 13 (2), 346-327 [in Persian].
  37. Hassanrezaei, Jafar, Qalei, Alireza & Mohajeran, Behnaz (2019). Structural equation modeling of the relationship between expectations & quality of educational services with students' satisfaction & loyalty, with emphasis on the mediating role of perceived value. Journal of management & planning in educational systems, 12 (1), 183-212 [in Persian].
  38. Maniei, Reza (2019). 4000 foreign students are studying medicine in Iran. Proposed in the meeting of "International Students: Challenges & Obstacles of Absorption". Fahikhtegan-e online. Available online at: http://farhikhteg&aily.com/news/36682 [in Persian].
  39. Nikbin, Mohammad; Zakersalehi, Gholamreza & Mahouzi, Reza (2017). The pattern of internationalization of higher education from the perspective of cultural policy, Quarterly of Science & Technology Policy, 9 (3), 45-60 [in Persian].
  40. Qalav&i, Hassan; Hasani, Mohammad & Moradi, Zahra (2018). Analysis & evaluation of the position of the country's universities in the indicators of internationalization of higher education from the perspective of students: (a case study of Tehran University), Quarterly of Public Organizations Management, 6 (3), 157-174 [in Persian].
  41. Qalenoi, Mehdi (2019). 4000 foreign students are studying medicine in Iran. Proposed in the meeting of "International Students: Challenges & Obstacles of Absorption". Fahikhtegan-e online. Available online at: http://farhikhteg&aily.com/news/36682 [in Persian].
  42. Salar Amoli, Hossein (2020). Neighbors, Iran's priority in the program of internationalization of higher education. IRNA. Available online at: news/84124472 [in Persian].
  43. Wikipedia (2020) List of American universities & colleges abroad. Retrieved from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_universities_&_colleges_abroad