This study applies Kingdon’s Multiple Streams Framework to analyze the migration policy-making process of the Islamic Republic of Iran toward Afghan nationals from 2021 to 2025. Findings indicate that policy outcomes result from the interaction of three independent streams: the problem stream (post-Taliban migration, security crises, and socio-economic pressures), the policy stream (initiatives such as the Amayesh Card, Voluntary Return Program, and the draft National Migration Organization law), and the politics stream (governmental changes, public opinion, and security institutions’ pressures). Although key events, such as the fall of Kabul, opened “policy windows,” structural obstacles—including institutional fragmentation, weak operational solutions, insufficient resources, and lack of political will—have hindered the development of a coherent and strategic policy. Consequently, Iran’s migration policy during this period has been largely reactive and short-term. The study emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive migration legislation, establishing a central coordinating body, and strengthening international cooperation for effective migration management