Path-Dependence of Informal Institutions on Population Policy-Making (A Comparative Study of Sweden, Finland, and Norway)

Document Type : Review Article

Authors

1 Assistant professor of Economics, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

2 Assistant Professor of Law, Women Research Center, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran

10.22059/jppolicy.2026.106385

Abstract

The present study compares population policies in three countries: Sweden, Finland, and Norway, emphasising the role of culture. The necessity for research is driven by the issue of population decline in Iran and the failure to achieve replacement rates, which necessitates the study of successful policies. Nevertheless, the mere study of policies is insufficient. The fundamental question pertains to the identification of both similarities and differences in population policy in these countries, as well as the cultural origins (informal institutions) of path dependency in formulating these policies. A comparative methodology was employed, encompassing the analysis of pertinent official documents in the theoretical framework of New Institutional Economics. The results indicated that the policymaking process in all three countries is influenced by shared cultural values, particularly "gender equality" and"universalism". However, a distinction emerged in the emphasis placed on specific values: namely, Sweden emphasised collectivism and equality, Finland emphasised choice and family orientation, and Norway emphasised pragmatism and balance. The policies have been shown to reduce the opportunity cost of childbearing, thus contributing to an increase in female employment and an enhancement of work-family balance. The findings emphasise the importance of culture and stakeholder participation in effective policymaking in Iran.

Keywords

References

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Iranian Journal of Public Policy
Volume 12, Issue 1
March 2026
Pages 303-317

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