The Requirements of the Process of Penal Policy-making Regarding the Digital Economy

Document Type : Research Article

Authors

1 Assistant Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

2 PhD Student of Criminal Law and Criminology, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The term Digital Economy refers to the development of ICT in Economics. This development has led to a transformation in economic activities related to goods and services. It has also changed the relationships between the government, businesses, and citizens. The ecosystem of this emerging paradigm has confronted the previous assumptions in the process of public policy governing the traditional economy with transformations. As a result, penal policy-making, which serves as a subsequent tool for implementing sectoral policies, is also not exempt from these changes. Hence, the question is how the digital economy impacts the cycle of penal policy-making with its requisites. The research shows that using the traditional economy's penal policy structures in the digital economy, considering recent experiences in digital economy policy-making and the principles of criminal law, may be incompatible with its requirements. This could negatively impact the policy-making cycle, disrupt the digital economy ecosystem, and prevent the government from effectively implementing this new tool of power globally.

Keywords

References

  1. Aftana News Agency (1/16/2023). The Law Enforcement and Specialized Cyber Requirements for Cryptocurrency Brokers Have Been Published. Retrieved: https://aftana.ir/vdch6ini.23nv-dftt2.html [In Persian]
  2. Ahmadi, M., & Poornamdarain, T. (2017). An Introduction to Multiple Meanings of Rhetoric. Language and Translation Studies (LTS), 50(1), 27-52. [In Persian]
  3. Ameli, S.R. & Hajijafari, M. (2020). Digital Economy. 1st Pub, Tehran: SAMT. [In Persian]
  4. Annison, H. (2017). Interpreting Influence: Towards Reflexivity in Penal Policymaking? Reflexivity and Criminal Justice: Intersections of Policy, Practice and Research, Palgrave, 33-55.
  5. Aprilianti, I., & Dina, S. A. (2021). Co-regulating the Indonesian Digital Economy. (No. 30). Policy Paper.
  6. Armstrong, S., Blaustein, J., & Henry, A. (2017). Impact and the reflexive imperative in criminal justice policy, practice and research. Reflexivity and criminal justice: Intersections of policy, practice and research, Palgrave, 1-30.
  7. Ashtarian, K. (2017). Public Policy in Iran, 2nd Pub, Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
  8. Attar, S., & Khaje Naieni, A. (2015). The Analysis of Affecting Factors in Inefficiency of Iran’s Policy Making System. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 1(1), 1-20. [In Persian]
  9. Attarzadeh, B. (2019). Methodology, Theory and Findings of Kingdon’s Agenda, Alternatives, and Public Policies. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 5(1), 201-225. [In Persian]
  10. Babaei, S., & Tavakoli, G. (2017). Deriving Basic Rationalities in Public Policy Making Process. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 3(1), 63-82. [In Persian]
  11. Babaeian, F., Safdari Ranjbar, M., & Hakim, A. (2023). Investigating the Role of Artificial Intelligence in the Public Policy Cycle; Metasynthesis Approach. Journal of Improvement Management, 17(2), 115-150. [In Persian]
  12. Bagheri, A., Mousazadeh, M., & Adabi Firouzjaei, M. (2018). Digital Economy (1): Dimensions and Features, Expert Reports of Islamic Parliament Research Center, No. 16210. Tehran. [In Persian]
  13. Bagheri, A., Mousazadeh, M., & Adabi Firouzjaei, M. (2019). Digital Economy (3): The Changes of the Business Sector and a Review of Policy-making Experiences in Different Countries. Expert Reports of Islamic Parliament Research Center, No. 16649. Tehran. [In Persian]
  14. Birkett, G. (2017). Media, Politics and Penal Reform. Palgrave Studies in Prisons and Penology. Palgrave.
  15. Birkland, T. A. (2020). An Introduction to the Policy Process. Routledge, 5th Ed.
  16. Brynjolfsson, E., & Kahin, B. (2017). Understanding the Digital Economy: Data, Tools, and Research. Translated by Mahdi Taghavi & Mahdi KeramatFar, 1st Pub, Tehran: Information Technology Organization of Iran. [In Persian]
  17. Bukht, R., & Heeks, R. (2017). Defining, Conceptualising and Measuring the Digital Economy. Development Informatics working paper, (68).
  18. Ciocoiu, C. N. (2011). Integrating Digital Economy and Green Economy: Opportunities for Sustainable Development. Theoretical and Empirical Researches in Urban Management, 6(1).
  19. Digital Economy Policy Platform (DEPP), OECD, Retrieved: https://depp.oecd.org/interactive-dashboards Accessed: 10 May. 2024.
  20. Dolowitz, D. P., & Marsh, D. (2000). Learning from abroad: The role of policy transfer in contemporary policy‐making. Governance, 13(1), 5-23.
  21. Europol (2022). Policing in the Metaverse: What Law Enforcement Needs to Know. Publications Office of the European Union.
  22. Ghasemi Hamed, A. (2016). Economic Law; Consequences of the Convergence of Law and Economics, in: Economic Law in Public Policy-making, by: The Discretionary Punishments Organization, 1st Pub, Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
  23. Giest, S. (2017). Big Data for Policymaking: Fad or FastTrack?. Policy Sciences, 50(3), 367-382.
  24. Gilardi, F. (2022). Digital Technology, Politics, and Policy-making. Cambridge University Press.
  25. Gudders, Danique. (2019). Penal Policy Transfer. PhD in Criminology, KU Leuven.
  26. Hanna, N. K. (2020). Assessing the Digital Economy: Aims, Frameworks, Pilots, Results, and Lessons. Journal of innovation and entrepreneurship, 9(1), 16.
  27. Huawei and Oxford Economics (2017). Digital Spillover; Measuring the True Impact of the Digital Economy.
  28. Ismaili, K. (2006). Contextualizing the criminal justice policy-making process. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 17(3), 255-269.
  29. Jahangard, E. (2022). Economics of Digital Technologies, 3rd, Tehran: Amareh. [In Persian]
  30. John, P. (2012). Analyzing Public Policy. Abingdon: Routledge.
  31. Kira, B. (2020). Governing a Globalized Digital Economy: How to Make Technology Policy and Regulation Work for Developing Countries. Global Policy.
  32. Malekmohammadi, H. (2022). Basics and Principles of Public Policy-making, 6th Pub, Tehran: Samt. [In Persian]
  33. Mesbahi, S. (2023). The Experience of Policies of Digital Economy Development in the UK. Economic Security, 11(7): 63-78. [In Persian]
  34. Ministry of Information and Communications Technology (3/24/2024). Iran's Rank Improvement in the Global Index of ICT. Retrieved: https://yun.ir/sisp3e [In Persian]
  35. Moeini Alamdari, J. (2015). The Contribution in Philosophy of Public Policy. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 1(3), 139-150. [In Persian]
  36. Moradi, M. A., & Hedayati, M. (2018). Designing the Evolutionary Model of Iran's Transition to Digital Economy. Economics Research, 18(68), 219-251. [In Persian]
  37. Mosallanejad, A. (2011). The Study Of Analytical And Functional Models And Approaches In Economic Policy. Political Quarterly, 41(2), 329-348. [In Persian]
  38. Mosallanejad, A. (2012). Economic Policy and Social Responsibility of Government. Political Quarterly, 42(1), 311-331. [In Persian]
  39. Mosallanejad, A. (2019). Political Economy: Basics, Functions and Processes, 5th Pub, Tehran: University of Tehran. [In Persian]
  40. Mozafar, M., Moini, A., & Sobhanifard, Y. (2022). Public Policy based on Behavioral Approach. Journal of Strategic Management Studies, 13(52), 65-93. [In Persian]
  41. Murad Hassel, N. (2023), Examining the Position of Iran in the Networked Readiness Index (NRI)), Expert Reports of the ICT Research Institute. Tehran. [In Persian]
  42. OECD (2015). Addressing the Tax Challenges of the Digital Economy.
  43. OECD (2020). A Roadmap toward A Common Framework for Measuring the Digital Economy.
  44. Øverby, H., & Audestad, J. A. (2021). Introduction to digital economics: Foundations, business models and case studies. Springer Nature.
  45. Pakhritdinovna, D. X. (2024). Digital Economy and Its Development Factors. World Economics and Finance Bulletin, 30.
  46. Persak, N. (2019). Beyond Public Punitiveness: The Role of Emotions in Criminal Law Policy. International Journal of Law, Crime and Justice, 57, 47-58.
  47. Ryan, M., Savage, P. S., & Wall, D. S. (2001). Policy Networks in Criminal Justice. Palgrave.
  48. Saffari, A., & Naderi, P. (2021). Super Rationalization in Criminal Policy Making of Iran. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 8(16), 217-243. [In Persian]
  49. Schwab, K. (2016). The Fourth Industrial Revolution, Translated by Morteza Shaani, 1st Pub, Tehran: Commercial Print and Publications Company. [In Persian]
  50. Shami Zanjani, M. (7/23/2019). What is the Digital Economy?, Retrieved: https://yun.ir/ncd1u6 [In Persian]
  51. Sharif Governance and Policy Think Tank (GPTT) (2024). Internet from People's Point of View; The Virtual Life of Iranians and Their Attitude towards the Internet, Social Media and Filtering. Tehran: Sharif Governance and Policy Think Tank (GPTT). [In Persian]
  52. Shiri, A. (2018). Crime Policy-making in Control of Criminality. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 4(3), 103-121. [In Persian]
  53. Shiri, A., & Ameri Sani, A. (2023). Criminal Policy-making: a Problem-Oriented Perspective. Iranian Journal of Public Policy, 9(2), 68-82. [In Persian]
  54. Taghizadeh, M., Nobahar, R., & Gholami, H. (2020). The Foundations of Criminal Policy Evaluation. Criminal law and Criminology Studies, 49(2), 353-371. [In Persian]
  55. Tahannazif, H., & Alipoor, M. (2022). The Legal Position and Effects of Self-regulation of Digital Platforms. Modern Technologies Law, 3(6), 127-141. [In Persian]
  56. Tasnim News Agency (5/12/2024). 7.9% Share of Digital Economy in the Country's GDP. Retrieved: https://tn.ai/3084284 [In Persian]
  57. UNCTAD (2019). Digital Economy Report 2019. Retrieved: https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2019
  58. UNCTAD (2021). Digital Economy Report 2021. Retrieved: https://unctad.org/publication/digital-economy-report-2021
  59. UNDP (2018). Framing Policies for The Digital Economy. Global Centre for Public Service Excellence.
  60. USAID (2022). Digital Ecosystem Framework. Retrieved: https://www.usaid.gov/digital-development/digital-ecosystem-framework
  61. Vahid, M. (2022), Public Policy, 4th Pub, Tehran: Mizan. [In Persian]
  62. Wirjo, A. et al. (2022). Artificial Intelligence in Economic Policymaking. APEC Secretariat, APEC Policy Support Unit.
  63. Zhao, F., Wallis, J., & Singh, M. (2015). E-government Development and the Digital Economy: A Reciprocal Relationship. Internet Research, 25(5), 734-766.
  64. Zheng, S., Trott, A., Srinivasa, S., Parkes, D. C., & Socher, R. (2022). The AI Economist: Taxation Policy Design via Two-level Deep Multiagent Reinforcement Learning. Science Advances, 8(18).
Iranian Journal of Public Policy
Volume 10, Issue 4
December 2024
Pages 89-104

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics