University of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521Policy making in international cooperation, a repeated game theory approach and it application to OPECPolicy making in international cooperation, a repeated game theory approach and it application to OPEC9275858010.22059/ppolicy.2016.58580FAGhahramanAbdoliAssociate Professor of Economics Tehran UniversityMohammad JavadNakhodaPhD student, Allameh Tabataba’i UniversityJournal Article20160917In this paper, I clarify problems of international cooperation typically involve first a bargaining problem (akin to various coordinatin games) and next an enforcement problem (akin to prisoners' dilemma game). To specify and explore this conception analytically, I develop a game- theoretic model that depicts problems of international cooperation as having two linked phases. In the first phase, states bargain over the particular deal to be implemented in the second, "enforcement phase" of the game, which is modeled as a repeated Prisoners' Dilemma. According to the consequences of this model, a longer shadow of the future makes cooperation sustainable and so more likely, the analysis here suggests that though a long shadow of the future may make enforcing an international agreement easier, it can also give states an incentive to bargain harder, delaying agreement in hopes of getting a better deal. I apply this model to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to illustrate poor states with low reserves per capita (present-oriented states) receive better oil production offers than rich states with high reserves per capita (future-oriented states) in order to sustain cooperation.In this paper, I clarify problems of international cooperation typically involve first a bargaining problem (akin to various coordinatin games) and next an enforcement problem (akin to prisoners' dilemma game). To specify and explore this conception analytically, I develop a game- theoretic model that depicts problems of international cooperation as having two linked phases. In the first phase, states bargain over the particular deal to be implemented in the second, "enforcement phase" of the game, which is modeled as a repeated Prisoners' Dilemma. According to the consequences of this model, a longer shadow of the future makes cooperation sustainable and so more likely, the analysis here suggests that though a long shadow of the future may make enforcing an international agreement easier, it can also give states an incentive to bargain harder, delaying agreement in hopes of getting a better deal. I apply this model to the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) to illustrate poor states with low reserves per capita (present-oriented states) receive better oil production offers than rich states with high reserves per capita (future-oriented states) in order to sustain cooperation.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58580_7938b2f41b74be6fde0a51d5e65b8f44.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521Strategic Planning and Policy Making in Easter MeditraneaStrategic Planning and Policy Making in Easter Meditranea29505858110.22059/ppolicy.2016.58581FAAbbasMosalanejadProfessor of political science, Tehran UniversityJournal Article20160917<span style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Eastern Mediterranean countries should be considered part of the development trend of actors and linkages with the global economy and supporting role in world politics. These countries have been structural role. According to requirements. Due to its geopolitical significance of the region, causing widespread presence of international powers and their interests were interfering. In such a process, the geopolitical imperatives strategic needs including Linkage storage.This article will attempt to clarify the relationship between symptoms and international development component Drvnsakhtary be examined. Such a process should be realized in the form of "dynamic development model" of that. The dynamic development model, economic policy and social development in regions like Eastern Mediterranean structural countries function of needs, necessities of the world's geopolitical and policy mechanisms. Based on such characteristics as small player in its geographical environments beyond the capability of geopolitical structural role in the development process will proceed.Therefore, the question article based on the relationship between "development policy" (the dependent variable) with factors such as "geopolitical necessity" and structural "needs countries" (independent variables) of article. In these circumstances, the question arises: "What material components is formed according to the policy development in the Eastern Mediterranean?" In response to a question like that can be regulated hypothesis that "development policy and geo-political status of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean to the Structural needs they are set in world politics."in this article we approach regulation" policy dynamic interaction "is used.Indications of economic growth trends eclipsed the state security building, after some time it will be faced with social and strategic problems. The reality is that these problems can be created grounds for new challenges. No country in the region can improve its position without building security procedures. Requirements development requires that political entities parallel development programs and economic development to take note of requirements for security building</span><span style="color: black; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 10pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-themecolor: text1; mso-bidi-language: FA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Eastern Mediterranean countries should be considered part of the development trend of actors and linkages with the global economy and supporting role in world politics. These countries have been structural role. According to requirements. Due to its geopolitical significance of the region, causing widespread presence of international powers and their interests were interfering. In such a process, the geopolitical imperatives strategic needs including Linkage storage.This article will attempt to clarify the relationship between symptoms and international development component Drvnsakhtary be examined. Such a process should be realized in the form of "dynamic development model" of that. The dynamic development model, economic policy and social development in regions like Eastern Mediterranean structural countries function of needs, necessities of the world's geopolitical and policy mechanisms. Based on such characteristics as small player in its geographical environments beyond the capability of geopolitical structural role in the development process will proceed.Therefore, the question article based on the relationship between "development policy" (the dependent variable) with factors such as "geopolitical necessity" and structural "needs countries" (independent variables) of article. In these circumstances, the question arises: "What material components is formed according to the policy development in the Eastern Mediterranean?" In response to a question like that can be regulated hypothesis that "development policy and geo-political status of countries in the Eastern Mediterranean to the Structural needs they are set in world politics."in this article we approach regulation" policy dynamic interaction "is used.Indications of economic growth trends eclipsed the state security building, after some time it will be faced with social and strategic problems. The reality is that these problems can be created grounds for new challenges. No country in the region can improve its position without building security procedures. Requirements development requires that political entities parallel development programs and economic development to take note of requirements for security building</span>https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58581_811a80079decc07e52335004f235824b.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521Study on Rationality of Public Policy Making in Iran; Case Study: Subsidy Reform ActStudy on Rationality of Public Policy Making in Iran; Case Study: Subsidy Reform Act51795858210.22059/ppolicy.2016.58582FAEbrahimBarzegarProfessor of political science, Allameh Tabatabaei UniversitySayadHoseinzadehStudent of MSc. in political science, Allameh Tabatabaei UniversityJournal Article20160917This article aims to study the rationality of Iranian public policies. Despite achievements in some fields, other aspects of society have been faced with crisis due to such policy making. It means that citizens are faced with policies that are in contrast with those of promised ones in the legislative stage. Considering the difficulties of policies in practical stage, the main question outlined here is as follows; how can we overcome the inefficiencies of the practical application of public policy? Based upon the researchers` points of views, taking some measures such as rationality in legislation stage can minimize the inefficiencies of policy-making in operational stage. A case study was performed to investigate the Subsidy Reform Act using Snellen’s Theory of Four Rationalities (Economic, Political, Legal, and Professional Rationalities) as the theoretical construct in order to consider the importance of the subject in legislation stage and rational measures. Data were collected using field interviews. Qualitative methods were employed to analyze the data. Findings indicate the lack of policy makers` attention to the executive measures during legislation stage. <br /> This article aims to study the rationality of Iranian public policies. Despite achievements in some fields, other aspects of society have been faced with crisis due to such policy making. It means that citizens are faced with policies that are in contrast with those of promised ones in the legislative stage. Considering the difficulties of policies in practical stage, the main question outlined here is as follows; how can we overcome the inefficiencies of the practical application of public policy? Based upon the researchers` points of views, taking some measures such as rationality in legislation stage can minimize the inefficiencies of policy-making in operational stage. A case study was performed to investigate the Subsidy Reform Act using Snellen’s Theory of Four Rationalities (Economic, Political, Legal, and Professional Rationalities) as the theoretical construct in order to consider the importance of the subject in legislation stage and rational measures. Data were collected using field interviews. Qualitative methods were employed to analyze the data. Findings indicate the lack of policy makers` attention to the executive measures during legislation stage. <br /> https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58582_200b39562ae5ee4e8155048a642cda73.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521Political Enterprenuer; an Actor in Transformative PolicyPolitical Enterprenuer; an Actor in Transformative Policy81915858310.22059/ppolicy.2016.58583FAMehdiAlvaniProfessor in Faculty of Management, Allameh Tabatabayi UniversityJournal Article20160917Political enterprenuer is an innovative and creative person in the field of politics, with new ideas, making a new ways in policy making.This article attempts to contribute the role of political enterprenuer engaging in a rational policy making. Thus, in this article the role of political enterprenuers in the process of slight changes, gradual political enterprenuers in the public policy networks and the role of enterprenuers in connection with flow current and models. So it is necessary to look deeper at the study of the motives, methods of activities of political enterprenuers, we could achive to a useful new field.Political enterprenuer is an innovative and creative person in the field of politics, with new ideas, making a new ways in policy making.This article attempts to contribute the role of political enterprenuer engaging in a rational policy making. Thus, in this article the role of political enterprenuers in the process of slight changes, gradual political enterprenuers in the public policy networks and the role of enterprenuers in connection with flow current and models. So it is necessary to look deeper at the study of the motives, methods of activities of political enterprenuers, we could achive to a useful new field.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58583_b3c140317ae8871cbc965d29d4ecee00.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521The oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in IranThe oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran931195858410.22059/ppolicy.2016.58584FAHamidrezaFartookzadeAssociate professor of management, Malek Ashtar Uni. of TechSimaEsfandiarpur BoroujeniMSc. Industrial Engi.-Systems Management, Malek Ashtar Uni. of TechZohrehKiani FeizabadiInstructor of Tourism, Semnan UniversityMeisamRajabi NohoujiPhD student of Management, University of TehranJournal Article20160917In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure. <br /> In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure. <br /> https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58584_9e36ba7680f8107069c91c1902920c3d.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521The oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in IranThe oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran1211385858510.22059/ppolicy.2016.58585FAShahinJavadiPh.D Candidate in Entrepreneurship, University of TehranMahmoodMotavaseliProfessor of Economics, University of TehranJahangirYadolahi FarsiAssociate Professor of Entrepreneurship, University of TehranJournal Article20160917In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure.In this paper, the effects of interaction between oil rents, entrepreneurship and government administrative structure in Iran is analyzed. The main questions of this study are (1) is the existence of oil rents caused the government in the oil-exporting developing countries (including Iran), do not feel the need to reform its structure and (2) does decentralization increase the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities. The research method of this paper is descriptive and causal-comparative. The results show that the answer to both questions is yes. In general, governments in oil-exporting developing countries establish a rentier and centralized structure that shape a business environment which has a negative effect on entrepreneurship. It is expected that at a decentralized administrative structure than a centralized administrative structure is exploited more entrepreneurial opportunities. Government to promote the exploitation of entrepreneurial opportunities in the country should primarily act to modify its structure to a decentralized structure.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58585_14668788a1fcbaf7ee4cbf1154102e4b.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55772120160521History of Development Mentality in West (A New Understanding from Ancient Greek to Recent Time)History of Development Mentality in West (A New Understanding from Ancient Greek to Recent Time)1391635858610.22059/ppolicy.2016.58586FASajjadSattariAssistant Professor, Political Science Department, University of TehranJournal Article20160917The article provides a new and different understanding about the history of development mentality in the West. The author argues that the development mentality in any society is a product of the Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of that society. In this context, the author believes that the history of development mentality in the West, more than any case, is the product of five Great Distinction and Contradiction Games of "Greek/Non-Greek", "Christian/Non-Christian", "Premodern/Modern", "Orthodox/Radical" and "Modern/Postmodern". He explains the roles of these five Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of development mentality in the West due to the current content and form and believes that the current game of "Modern/Postmodern" instead of death of the development mentality lead to the immortality and historical incompleteness of development mentality in the west, Because “the post-development stream“ (as a product of the Distinction and Contradiction Game of "Modern/Postmodern"), is a part of development mentality feild in the West and grow of the post-developmentalism will smooth the basis of emergence of "logical literature of development" in future rethinking, at least theoreticallyThe article provides a new and different understanding about the history of development mentality in the West. The author argues that the development mentality in any society is a product of the Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of that society. In this context, the author believes that the history of development mentality in the West, more than any case, is the product of five Great Distinction and Contradiction Games of "Greek/Non-Greek", "Christian/Non-Christian", "Premodern/Modern", "Orthodox/Radical" and "Modern/Postmodern". He explains the roles of these five Great Games of Distinction and Contradiction in the history of development mentality in the West due to the current content and form and believes that the current game of "Modern/Postmodern" instead of death of the development mentality lead to the immortality and historical incompleteness of development mentality in the west, Because “the post-development stream“ (as a product of the Distinction and Contradiction Game of "Modern/Postmodern"), is a part of development mentality feild in the West and grow of the post-developmentalism will smooth the basis of emergence of "logical literature of development" in future rethinking, at least theoreticallyhttps://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_58586_a76301fbd7db027a4a0859bc0cf12f85.pdf