University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 21 Architectural Model of Network Participation of Scientific Elites in Science and Technology Policymaking in Iran Architectural Model of Network Participation of Scientific Elites in Science and Technology Policymaking in Iran 9 25 98272 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98272 FA Ali Ferdosi Jahromi Phd. Student of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0003-1154-0395 Davood Hosseinpour Associate Professor of Public Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 27 This research presents a model for designing the architecture and structure of participation of scientific elites in science and technology policy-making. To achieve this model, an interpretive approach using content analysis method has been employed. Based on the analyses conducted and the scientific elite's context in our country, it is concluded that this network should be layered and segmented. These layers and segments should be connected at various points. Formality and flexibility differ across different regions of the network, and communication tools and mechanisms are based on this formality and required functions. Based on another characteristic of the scientific elite context, depth, breadth, and quality of participation in the network should be controlled, and ultimately, achieving the network's goals requires discourse-building and understanding among its various components. This research presents a model for designing the architecture and structure of participation of scientific elites in science and technology policy-making. To achieve this model, an interpretive approach using content analysis method has been employed. Based on the analyses conducted and the scientific elite's context in our country, it is concluded that this network should be layered and segmented. These layers and segments should be connected at various points. Formality and flexibility differ across different regions of the network, and communication tools and mechanisms are based on this formality and required functions. Based on another characteristic of the scientific elite context, depth, breadth, and quality of participation in the network should be controlled, and ultimately, achieving the network's goals requires discourse-building and understanding among its various components.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98272_ce51d88407068edf8b3f03f9146e0788.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 01 Beyond The Evidence; A Sociological Reflection on The Relationship Between Knowledge and Policy Beyond The Evidence; A Sociological Reflection on The Relationship Between Knowledge and Policy 26 42 98274 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98274 FA Amin Ghanbari PhD Student of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Mojtaba Amiri Associate Professor of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1868-698X Maghsood Farasatkhah Professor of Planning in Higher Education, Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education, Tehran, Iran Mohammad Mahdi Zolfagharzadeh Kermani Associate Professor of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-6803-4616 Elham Ebrahimi Associate Professor of Management, Institute for Humanities and Cultural Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-2276-4453 Journal Article The position of knowledge in policy-making has been discussed and disputed by academics for a long time, but it has been more seriously considered in recent decades. One of the most important approaches in this field is evidence-based policy-making, which was proposed in 1997 as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. This research examines and criticizes this approach and argues that although the idea of evidence-based policy-making is desirable and ideal, but because scientific and research evidence - especially soft sciences such as humanities and social sciences - are products of social relations and not objective, it is not possible to realize the idea of evidence-based policy-making as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. In addition, even with the assumption of objective and pure human knowledge, considering that the nature of policy-making is intertwined with interests, power, bureaucracy, and the like, there are many obstacles to use scientific evidence in policy-making The position of knowledge in policy-making has been discussed and disputed by academics for a long time, but it has been more seriously considered in recent decades. One of the most important approaches in this field is evidence-based policy-making, which was proposed in 1997 as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. This research examines and criticizes this approach and argues that although the idea of evidence-based policy-making is desirable and ideal, but because scientific and research evidence - especially soft sciences such as humanities and social sciences - are products of social relations and not objective, it is not possible to realize the idea of evidence-based policy-making as an alternative to ideological and opinion-based policy-making. In addition, even with the assumption of objective and pure human knowledge, considering that the nature of policy-making is intertwined with interests, power, bureaucracy, and the like, there are many obstacles to use scientific evidence in policy-making

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98274_4ed0d75032b08c7f40871d2a32e498af.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 08 27 Policy Theories in Public Policy Making Policy Theories in Public Policy Making 43 51 98275 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98275 FA Kioomars Ashtarian Associate Professor of Public Policy, Faculty of Law and Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-2739-1104 Journal Article The aim of this article is to show that theorizing in the discipline of public policy has distinctive characteristics. Like other multidisciplinary (or interdisciplinary) fields, it has various theoretical sources and feeds from other fields in social sciences. Social science disciplines are all theoretically intermingled because they all focus on human behavior, so they can have common theoretical roots. But in any case, the question is, what is the distinctive feature of theories of public policy from other disciplines of social science. In other words, what is the special field of expertise in terms of theorizing? If public policy cannot find its distinctive feature, it will suffer from identity disorder. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce three levels of theories in public policy. The first level includes two main theories, namely policy cycle theory and typology theory, which, in a sense, bring structural theories to the field of policy making. The second level of public policy theories is usually focused on the phenomenon of decision-making in the public sector such as Multiple Stream Framework, Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, Narrative Theory, Coalition Theory, Institutionalism Development Theory etc., Even though these theories cannot be considered as exclusive theories of public policy, but they are frequently used in this discipline. The third level is policy theory, or program theory, which includes a set of underlying assumptions of a program, and explains why and how planned activities should lead to predefined goals and objectives through specific variables. Policy theories provide models of intervention in different sector of government. They are indirectly and tacitly extracted from second level of theories. For example, trilaterals model of policy making in labor policy could be referred to Institutionalism Development Theory. In real world policy making in government, what is mostly used is this third level of theory. The aim of this article is to show that theorizing in the discipline of public policy has distinctive characteristics. Like other multidisciplinary (or interdisciplinary) fields, it has various theoretical sources and feeds from other fields in social sciences. Social science disciplines are all theoretically intermingled because they all focus on human behavior, so they can have common theoretical roots. But in any case, the question is, what is the distinctive feature of theories of public policy from other disciplines of social science. In other words, what is the special field of expertise in terms of theorizing? If public policy cannot find its distinctive feature, it will suffer from identity disorder. To overcome this difficulty, we introduce three levels of theories in public policy. The first level includes two main theories, namely policy cycle theory and typology theory, which, in a sense, bring structural theories to the field of policy making. The second level of public policy theories is usually focused on the phenomenon of decision-making in the public sector such as Multiple Stream Framework, Punctuated Equilibrium Theory, Narrative Theory, Coalition Theory, Institutionalism Development Theory etc., Even though these theories cannot be considered as exclusive theories of public policy, but they are frequently used in this discipline. The third level is policy theory, or program theory, which includes a set of underlying assumptions of a program, and explains why and how planned activities should lead to predefined goals and objectives through specific variables. Policy theories provide models of intervention in different sector of government. They are indirectly and tacitly extracted from second level of theories. For example, trilaterals model of policy making in labor policy could be referred to Institutionalism Development Theory. In real world policy making in government, what is mostly used is this third level of theory.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98275_35b0222680828804f6658c833a308ba8.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 08 27 Policy Making on Anti-Money Laundering in the Iranian Banking System: An Analysis of Stakeholder Interactions through Game Theory Policy Making on Anti-Money Laundering in the Iranian Banking System: An Analysis of Stakeholder Interactions through Game Theory 52 66 98276 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98276 FA Hossein Seilsepoor PhD Student of Finance Banking, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-7214-0294 Mohammad Javad Mohagahnia Assistant Professor Economics, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Allameh Tabataba’i University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-3729-1482 Shima Ahmadi PhD of Accounting, Faculty of Economic and Social Science, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0009-2975-132X Journal Article In the fight against money laundering, the banking system requires collaboration with a diverse set of stakeholders, including regulatory and legislative bodies, banks, international organizations, technology companies, and customers, each with distinct objectives. These stakeholders have been identified through content analysis and interviews with banking industry experts utilizing theoretical saturation sampling. Employing game theory and graph models, interactions among these groups have been analyzed to achieve equilibrium in both the current and future states. Evolutionary path analysis has elucidated pathways to equilibrium, highlighting the role of technology companies in pioneering supervisory innovations and the efforts of international organizations in implementing global standards. The findings indicate that the current equilibrium state does not align with policymakers' ideals. Therefore, reverse game analysis has been employed to explore intervention strategies aimed at adjusting stakeholders' preferences. The ideal state encompasses stringent enforcement of laws by regulatory bodies, enhancement of internal systems by banks, and active cooperation of customers with the imposed limitations. In the fight against money laundering, the banking system requires collaboration with a diverse set of stakeholders, including regulatory and legislative bodies, banks, international organizations, technology companies, and customers, each with distinct objectives. These stakeholders have been identified through content analysis and interviews with banking industry experts utilizing theoretical saturation sampling. Employing game theory and graph models, interactions among these groups have been analyzed to achieve equilibrium in both the current and future states. Evolutionary path analysis has elucidated pathways to equilibrium, highlighting the role of technology companies in pioneering supervisory innovations and the efforts of international organizations in implementing global standards. The findings indicate that the current equilibrium state does not align with policymakers' ideals. Therefore, reverse game analysis has been employed to explore intervention strategies aimed at adjusting stakeholders' preferences. The ideal state encompasses stringent enforcement of laws by regulatory bodies, enhancement of internal systems by banks, and active cooperation of customers with the imposed limitations.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98276_d4de0c9c151a319fd1d943300fd551f0.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 08 27 Presentation a Policy Model for Supporting the basic Research ; A Case Study of the Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) Presentation a Policy Model for Supporting the basic Research ; A Case Study of the Iranian National Science Foundation (INSF) 67 82 98280 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98280 FA Meisam Narimani Assistant Professor at the Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-4204-3565 Mohammad Askarian Researcher at the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution, Tehran, Iran 0009-0006-9341-6145 Seyed Mohammad Sahebkar Khorasani Assistant Professor at the Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-3790-740X Ali Mohammad Soltani Assistant Professor at the Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, Iran 0000-0001-5796-1708 Journal Article Supporting the basic research or using the results of the ones have been carried out in other countries (especially developed ones), as well as the manner and the extent of support in such a way that it has the greatest socio-economic effects, has always been one of the concerns of science policymakers. Although many of the researches conducted in Iran universities are basic ones, there is no independent institution to direct and support this type of researches. Given that the most relevant institution for supporting basic research in Iran is the National Science Foundation of Iran, the study of the issues related to supporting basic research in this institution has been considered to answer the research question. In this research, with the aim of achieving a policy model for the development and support of basic research in Iran, a qualitative research method with an exploratory strategy was used, and a semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. In addition, data triangulation and researcher triangulation have been used to ensure the validity of the research. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 13 experts, scientific policy and a number of university faculty members. Based on the analysis, the policy model for the development of basic research in Iran includes components such as determining the topic, variety of programs, evaluation system, incentive system and applicability of the research results. It is also suggested to consider a competitive grant system to support basic research; both the priorities of the policy maker and the preferences of the researchers should be considered in choosing and supporting the projects; and while enhancing the peer review system, new methods and technologies should be employed to evaluate projects, proposals, and researchers. Supporting the basic research or using the results of the ones have been carried out in other countries (especially developed ones), as well as the manner and the extent of support in such a way that it has the greatest socio-economic effects, has always been one of the concerns of science policymakers. Although many of the researches conducted in Iran universities are basic ones, there is no independent institution to direct and support this type of researches. Given that the most relevant institution for supporting basic research in Iran is the National Science Foundation of Iran, the study of the issues related to supporting basic research in this institution has been considered to answer the research question. In this research, with the aim of achieving a policy model for the development and support of basic research in Iran, a qualitative research method with an exploratory strategy was used, and a semi-structured interview method was used to collect data. In addition, data triangulation and researcher triangulation have been used to ensure the validity of the research. A semi-structured interview was conducted with 13 experts, scientific policy and a number of university faculty members. Based on the analysis, the policy model for the development of basic research in Iran includes components such as determining the topic, variety of programs, evaluation system, incentive system and applicability of the research results. It is also suggested to consider a competitive grant system to support basic research; both the priorities of the policy maker and the preferences of the researchers should be considered in choosing and supporting the projects; and while enhancing the peer review system, new methods and technologies should be employed to evaluate projects, proposals, and researchers.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98280_418c992318b23d783810974ee489bc6f.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 01 Energy Diplomacy Policy-making in the Conditions of Iran's Economic Sanctions Energy Diplomacy Policy-making in the Conditions of Iran's Economic Sanctions 83 97 98281 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98281 FA Tayebeh Ma'abi PhD Student of International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Irant 0009-0007-0385-6743 Fakhrodin Soltani Assistant Professor of Political Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Armin Amini Associate Professor of International Relations, Islamic Azad University, Karaj, Iran Journal Article The energy economy in the 21st century is organized based on the power formations of the capitalist economy. Capitalist economy considers a certain "comparative advantage" for each country, and based on the comparative advantage, such countries play a political, economic and strategic role. Energy economy should be considered a part of the global strategy of the United States in the "international division of labor". Countries like Iran, which are in the space of revolutionary action and resistance, become marginalized in the world trade structure. The control of the global economy is formed by actors who have the necessary ability to produce appropriate strategies in international politics. The energy economy in the 21st century is organized based on the power formations of the capitalist economy. Capitalist economy considers a certain "comparative advantage" for each country, and based on the comparative advantage, such countries play a political, economic and strategic role. Energy economy should be considered a part of the global strategy of the United States in the "international division of labor". Countries like Iran, which are in the space of revolutionary action and resistance, become marginalized in the world trade structure. The control of the global economy is formed by actors who have the necessary ability to produce appropriate strategies in international politics.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98281_f1589432f623a88911e2abeb5fd6d452.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 21 Exploring the Mechanisms of Public Policy-making to Change Citizens’ Behavior Exploring the Mechanisms of Public Policy-making to Change Citizens’ Behavior 98 117 98282 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98282 FA Meisam Mozafar PhD Public Policy Making, Faculty of School of Progress Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran, Iran 0000-0002-1538-2190 Mohammad Reza Jalilvand Assistant Professor of Futures studies, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, College of Farabi, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-0740-6778 Journal Article 2024 08 27 Policy-making with the aim of changing the behavior of citizens is carried out by governments in various economic, social, environmental, etc. fields. These policies are in the three areas of creating order and social security (such as preventing crime, improving traffic behavior, preserving the environment, etc.), creating beneficial behaviors (such as education, parenting behaviors, etc.) and improving The individual and social lifestyle of the citizens of the society (such as quitting addiction, maintaining personal health, improving eating habits, etc.) have been revealed in many interventions of the government of new governments. Also, special attention to the behavioral dimensions of all policies has been demanded by some political systems in the world. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to analyze the executive mechanisms of public policy with a behavioral approach. Systematic literature review and theme analysis were used. A total of 376 researches/articles were screened during 4 stages and at the end, 191 researches remained. These articles were extracted from 6 valid international databases. In response to the research question, 134 meaningful propositions, 181 initial codes, 57 final codes and 16 themes were identified as behavioral policy components: 1) social marketing, 2) providing information, 3) social norms, 4) incentives, 5) use of emotions and feelings, 6) combination of behavioral and non-behavioral mechanisms, 7) formulation of rules and regulations, 8) creation of attitude-preference-behavior chain, 9) framework/patterning, 10) highlighting, 11) default , 12) simplification, 13) networking, 14) environment design, 15) scheduled notifications, and 16) commitments. Policy-making with the aim of changing the behavior of citizens is carried out by governments in various economic, social, environmental, etc. fields. These policies are in the three areas of creating order and social security (such as preventing crime, improving traffic behavior, preserving the environment, etc.), creating beneficial behaviors (such as education, parenting behaviors, etc.) and improving The individual and social lifestyle of the citizens of the society (such as quitting addiction, maintaining personal health, improving eating habits, etc.) have been revealed in many interventions of the government of new governments. Also, special attention to the behavioral dimensions of all policies has been demanded by some political systems in the world. Based on this, the main goal of this research is to analyze the executive mechanisms of public policy with a behavioral approach. Systematic literature review and theme analysis were used. A total of 376 researches/articles were screened during 4 stages and at the end, 191 researches remained. These articles were extracted from 6 valid international databases. In response to the research question, 134 meaningful propositions, 181 initial codes, 57 final codes and 16 themes were identified as behavioral policy components: 1) social marketing, 2) providing information, 3) social norms, 4) incentives, 5) use of emotions and feelings, 6) combination of behavioral and non-behavioral mechanisms, 7) formulation of rules and regulations, 8) creation of attitude-preference-behavior chain, 9) framework/patterning, 10) highlighting, 11) default , 12) simplification, 13) networking, 14) environment design, 15) scheduled notifications, and 16) commitments.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98282_fc1255f10e22ec01624f339cba9f9cc0.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 21 Systematic Review of Research Related to Housing Policies in Iran (Study of 1991 to 2021) Systematic Review of Research Related to Housing Policies in Iran (Study of 1991 to 2021) 118 142 98284 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98284 FA Afsaneh Talebi Varnosfaderani PhD of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-6723-4130 Ahmad Shahivandi Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-3901-3541 Mahmoud Mohammadi Associate Professor of Urban Planning, Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Isfahan University of Art, Isfahan, Iran 0000-0002-4736-8385 Journal Article 2024 08 27 Providing housing has been known as one of Iran's problems since before revolution, despite the policies made before, after of revolution, this problem has not been solved but has appeared more seriously. So, various research has been conducted about policy-analysis, and their review helps to identify research gaps and prevents repetitive research. so, this study, with qualitative approach and interpretative paradigm, aims to identify gaps of internal research of housing policy in the last three decades and has used the method of bibliometric analysis, systematic review. Results show that vocabulary of research, in 3 general categories of development plans and policies, factors affecting housing policies and their future, and the effects and consequences of housing policies and their efficiency, and research goal in 4 groups including description (1.5%), cause (7.3%), Consequence (77.4%) and supplementary research (13.8%) are classified. Therefore, main gap is related cause and lack of research in that analysis of housing policy in 3-dimensions at the same time. Providing housing has been known as one of Iran's problems since before revolution, despite the policies made before, after of revolution, this problem has not been solved but has appeared more seriously. So, various research has been conducted about policy-analysis, and their review helps to identify research gaps and prevents repetitive research. so, this study, with qualitative approach and interpretative paradigm, aims to identify gaps of internal research of housing policy in the last three decades and has used the method of bibliometric analysis, systematic review. Results show that vocabulary of research, in 3 general categories of development plans and policies, factors affecting housing policies and their future, and the effects and consequences of housing policies and their efficiency, and research goal in 4 groups including description (1.5%), cause (7.3%), Consequence (77.4%) and supplementary research (13.8%) are classified. Therefore, main gap is related cause and lack of research in that analysis of housing policy in 3-dimensions at the same time.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98284_eae120f73ebc3589e36af5a1f94f134d.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 21 Identifying Obstacles and Mechanisms of Stakeholder Interactions in Science and Technology Policymaking Process Identifying Obstacles and Mechanisms of Stakeholder Interactions in Science and Technology Policymaking Process 143 154 98286 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98286 FA Hosein Nasiri Ph.D of Higher Education Development Planning, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran 0009-0001-3602-1802 Reza Ghanbari PhD Student of Higher Education Management, Faculty of Psychology and educational sciences, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 27 The concepts of stakeholder participation and interaction have been highlighted in science and technology policy literature for about two decades. The research question is "What are the obstacles and mechanisms facing stakeholders' interactions in the science and technology policy making process?". To answer this question, thematic analysis was used. For this purpose, two specialized journals, Research Policy and Science and Public Policy, with the most articles related to the topic of this research, were selected and analyzed. Based on the findings of the research, components such as: differences in views, interests, background and position of stakeholders, restrictive laws and regulations, complexity of Policy and specialization, unbalanced distribution of power, limited policy options, distance between theory And political action, confrontation of values and beliefs with technical issues, wrong timing for participation, political system and limited experience and knowledge of the stakeholders are obstacles to the interactions of the stakeholders. Despite these obstacles, in the analyzed articles, 26 interaction methods were introduced in three general categories: "virtual and face-to-face", "general methods for people and experts" and "direct and indirect interaction methods". The concepts of stakeholder participation and interaction have been highlighted in science and technology policy literature for about two decades. The research question is "What are the obstacles and mechanisms facing stakeholders' interactions in the science and technology policy making process?". To answer this question, thematic analysis was used. For this purpose, two specialized journals, Research Policy and Science and Public Policy, with the most articles related to the topic of this research, were selected and analyzed. Based on the findings of the research, components such as: differences in views, interests, background and position of stakeholders, restrictive laws and regulations, complexity of Policy and specialization, unbalanced distribution of power, limited policy options, distance between theory And political action, confrontation of values and beliefs with technical issues, wrong timing for participation, political system and limited experience and knowledge of the stakeholders are obstacles to the interactions of the stakeholders. Despite these obstacles, in the analyzed articles, 26 interaction methods were introduced in three general categories: "virtual and face-to-face", "general methods for people and experts" and "direct and indirect interaction methods".

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98286_73b18a424f48eb20a0605a57729d938b.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 21 Wicked Problems in Public Policy: Origins, Concepts and Critiques Wicked Problems in Public Policy: Origins, Concepts and Critiques 155 172 98289 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98289 FA Seyed Hamed Rastegar Phd of Public Policy, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, College of Farabi, Qom, Iran 0000-0003-4288-8338 Journal Article 2024 08 27 In recent years, the concept of wicked problems (in contrast to tame problems) is under scrutiny in different disciplines. However, it is usually applied with no attention to its characteristics, fundamental definitions and functions. Its vast use for different kinds of problems fragments views in definition and identification of this sort of problems. In this article origins and roots of wicked problems are identified first. A change in public problems stream, crisis in scope of science, government and economy and encountering these events creates the notion of wicked problems. Although someone out of the policymaking discipline introduced them, they existed in the realm of policy and were dealt with. Wicked-tame dichotomy rationale criticized and a spectrum of wickedness degree of problems is accepted among scholars. Wicked-tame Taxonomy of problems according to creators of this notion, resembles to existing problem taxonomy in public policy which divide problems to ill structured or well-structured ones. Nevertheless, different and various combination of complexity, uncertainty, amount of players and actors, tools and instruments can represent different kind of wicked problems. Meanwhile concept of wicked problems and its plausible functions receives serious criticisms, such as insufficient definition, wrong application, ignorance of reflexivity and inability to trickle down to public policy main stream. In recent years, the concept of wicked problems (in contrast to tame problems) is under scrutiny in different disciplines. However, it is usually applied with no attention to its characteristics, fundamental definitions and functions. Its vast use for different kinds of problems fragments views in definition and identification of this sort of problems. In this article origins and roots of wicked problems are identified first. A change in public problems stream, crisis in scope of science, government and economy and encountering these events creates the notion of wicked problems. Although someone out of the policymaking discipline introduced them, they existed in the realm of policy and were dealt with. Wicked-tame dichotomy rationale criticized and a spectrum of wickedness degree of problems is accepted among scholars. Wicked-tame Taxonomy of problems according to creators of this notion, resembles to existing problem taxonomy in public policy which divide problems to ill structured or well-structured ones. Nevertheless, different and various combination of complexity, uncertainty, amount of players and actors, tools and instruments can represent different kind of wicked problems. Meanwhile concept of wicked problems and its plausible functions receives serious criticisms, such as insufficient definition, wrong application, ignorance of reflexivity and inability to trickle down to public policy main stream.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98289_dc23d01749bc7eeb7adc037d2220b8ac.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 08 27 Governance with Artificial Intelligence Governance with Artificial Intelligence 173 186 98290 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98290 FA Roohollah Kohanhoosh Nejad Assistant Professor of Economics, Faculty of Worlds Studies, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-4871-6588 Journal Article The purpose of this study is to identify the link between artificial intelligence and public policy and its role in improving the quality of governance. Using review and comparative method, this paper studies the experience of countries that have used artificial intelligence in policy-making and public service delivery processes, and from this point of view, draw an initial analytical framework that can help explain the role of artificial intelligence in the quality of governance. The results show that artificial intelligence affects the quality of governance from two dimensions: 1) increasing the dynamics and interaction of the public policy cycle in different stages and 2) improving the quality of government services and the efficiency of the administrative apparatus. The purpose of this study is to identify the link between artificial intelligence and public policy and its role in improving the quality of governance. Using review and comparative method, this paper studies the experience of countries that have used artificial intelligence in policy-making and public service delivery processes, and from this point of view, draw an initial analytical framework that can help explain the role of artificial intelligence in the quality of governance. The results show that artificial intelligence affects the quality of governance from two dimensions: 1) increasing the dynamics and interaction of the public policy cycle in different stages and 2) improving the quality of government services and the efficiency of the administrative apparatus.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98290_61eba05e608c64cab570738acc2642ea.pdf

University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 10 2 2024 06 01 Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles Artificial Intelligence Policymaking in the European Union: Fundamental Principles, Governance Mechanisms and Ethical Principles 187 203 98291 10.22059/jppolicy.2024.98291 FA Hossein Hassani Assistant Professor of Social Communication, Department of Cyberspace Studies, Research Center For Culture, Art And Communications, Tehran, Iran 0000-0003-1255-9533 Journal Article 2024 08 27 This article's primary focus is AI policymaking in the European Union. For this purpose, one examined the foundations, approach, and mode of governance and emphasized ethical principles. Focusing on the EU can be vital as this region is a pioneer in regulating emerging digital technologies and platforms. The European Union is trying to regulate artificial intelligence technologies and companies providing artificial intelligence services through its legislation and policies. The article analyzed the content of documents related to artificial intelligence in Europe using the document analysis approach and qualitative content analysis. This article showed that considering the fundamental principles, formulating a general approach, considering ethical principles, and devising a governance system appropriate to each society's background conditions is necessary for applying artificial intelligence for national interests and reducing its potential risks. This article's primary focus is AI policymaking in the European Union. For this purpose, one examined the foundations, approach, and mode of governance and emphasized ethical principles. Focusing on the EU can be vital as this region is a pioneer in regulating emerging digital technologies and platforms. The European Union is trying to regulate artificial intelligence technologies and companies providing artificial intelligence services through its legislation and policies. The article analyzed the content of documents related to artificial intelligence in Europe using the document analysis approach and qualitative content analysis. This article showed that considering the fundamental principles, formulating a general approach, considering ethical principles, and devising a governance system appropriate to each society's background conditions is necessary for applying artificial intelligence for national interests and reducing its potential risks.

https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_98291_ba4171203b61ad95bcb17daefc37c925.pdf