University of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Argumentative Analysis in Public Policy: Process and FunctionsArgumentative Analysis in Public Policy: Process and Functions9258953810.22059/jppolicy.1401.89538FAYahyaKamaliAssociate Professor of Political Science at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranSedigheSheikhzadeh JoshaniAssistant Professor of Political Science at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranKianaKamyabiMaster of Political Science at Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article19700101 <br />This article aims to introduce the approach of Argumentative policy analysis &its application process. Public policy analysis has various approaches, that each of them has specific objectives &focus on specific variables in policy analysis. Argumentative policy analysis focuses on policy Argument &its characteristics in order to provide different aspects of confrontation between the parties of an argument. Policymakers make a variety of arguments for a variety of purposes, including justifying their policies or to persuade audiences &gain public support. In this paper, the components of Argumentative policy analysis based on Toulmin model including clime, data, warrant, Backing, Qualifier, Rebuttal are described, &In the following, the functions &examples of application of argumentative analysis in policy analysis are presented, which can be a good manual for public policy researchers. <br />This article aims to introduce the approach of Argumentative policy analysis &its application process. Public policy analysis has various approaches, that each of them has specific objectives &focus on specific variables in policy analysis. Argumentative policy analysis focuses on policy Argument &its characteristics in order to provide different aspects of confrontation between the parties of an argument. Policymakers make a variety of arguments for a variety of purposes, including justifying their policies or to persuade audiences &gain public support. In this paper, the components of Argumentative policy analysis based on Toulmin model including clime, data, warrant, Backing, Qualifier, Rebuttal are described, &In the following, the functions &examples of application of argumentative analysis in policy analysis are presented, which can be a good manual for public policy researchers.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89538_ac799e1baa136366242f4b2e4b8f8449.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122A Look at the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Legal System of TrademarksA Look at the Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Legal System of Trademarks27398953910.22059/jppolicy.2022.89539FAZahraShakeriAssistant Professor in Intellectual Property Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-3880-1594Seyed HamidAmirshahkaramiMaster Student of Intellectual Property Law, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101The emergence of the phenomenon of artificial intelligence is one of the most important technologies that are effective in all aspects of human life today, &in many cases even without people realizing the presence of this phenomenon, it plays a vital role in various areas of human life. The trademark law system is one of the most important aspects of human life, which has been greatly affected by the introduction of artificial intelligence into the process of purchasing goods &services. The purpose of writing this article is to examine the place of artificial intelligence phenomenon in the trademark law system of countries, so that by studying the effects &consequences that this phenomenon will bring for this legal system, identify the inevitable changes that are necessary for the fundamental principles &rules of this system. In line with this goal, the current research tries to investigate the various legal dimensions of the presence of artificial intelligence in the process of purchasing goods &services, as well as its use for the evaluation of trademark applications, with the analytical-descriptive method &the library approach. In the end, it concludes that, firstly, many of the fundamental principles &concepts of this system, such as the concept of the normal consumer &the likelihood of confusion in the trademark law system, will undergo major changes, &secondly, the use of artificial intelligence by registration offices will lead to an increase in the quality of applications &trademarks, as well as a decrease in the quantity of infringement in this area.The emergence of the phenomenon of artificial intelligence is one of the most important technologies that are effective in all aspects of human life today, &in many cases even without people realizing the presence of this phenomenon, it plays a vital role in various areas of human life. The trademark law system is one of the most important aspects of human life, which has been greatly affected by the introduction of artificial intelligence into the process of purchasing goods &services. The purpose of writing this article is to examine the place of artificial intelligence phenomenon in the trademark law system of countries, so that by studying the effects &consequences that this phenomenon will bring for this legal system, identify the inevitable changes that are necessary for the fundamental principles &rules of this system. In line with this goal, the current research tries to investigate the various legal dimensions of the presence of artificial intelligence in the process of purchasing goods &services, as well as its use for the evaluation of trademark applications, with the analytical-descriptive method &the library approach. In the end, it concludes that, firstly, many of the fundamental principles &concepts of this system, such as the concept of the normal consumer &the likelihood of confusion in the trademark law system, will undergo major changes, &secondly, the use of artificial intelligence by registration offices will lead to an increase in the quality of applications &trademarks, as well as a decrease in the quantity of infringement in this area.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89539_52dfa2b48307c72495a748857667f22a.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Investigating the Effect of Political Regime and Natural Resources on the Quality of Economic GovernanceInvestigating the Effect of Political Regime and Natural Resources on the Quality of Economic Governance41558954010.22059/jppolicy.2022.89540FARezaBakhshianiPhD Student of Economics at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IranMasoudNiliAssociate Professor of Economics at Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IranS. MahdiBarakchianAssistant Professor of Economics at Institute for Management and Planning Studies, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221026Is the type of political regime effective in shaping the resources curse &weakening the performance of economic governance? By formulating an analytical framework &presenting empirical results, it is shown that the presence of natural resources in democratic regimes has not had a negative effect. Rather, the quality of democracy has been a determining factor in the formation of economic governance. In contrast, the presence of natural resources in centralized dictatorships has had a negative effect on the quality of economic governance. But such an effect is not seen in decentralized dictatorships where political power is divided among members of the ruling group. The results show that in addition to the type of political regime, the type of natural resource is also effective in the formation of the resources curse. Sensitivity analysis indicates the stability of the results to the dependent variable change, the addition of control variables, &the sample change.Is the type of political regime effective in shaping the resources curse &weakening the performance of economic governance? By formulating an analytical framework &presenting empirical results, it is shown that the presence of natural resources in democratic regimes has not had a negative effect. Rather, the quality of democracy has been a determining factor in the formation of economic governance. In contrast, the presence of natural resources in centralized dictatorships has had a negative effect on the quality of economic governance. But such an effect is not seen in decentralized dictatorships where political power is divided among members of the ruling group. The results show that in addition to the type of political regime, the type of natural resource is also effective in the formation of the resources curse. Sensitivity analysis indicates the stability of the results to the dependent variable change, the addition of control variables, &the sample change.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89540_a1a44481b689bdc13450e0e4cd73f57b.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Analysis of Family Policies in Iran Considering Gender RolesAnalysis of Family Policies in Iran Considering Gender Roles57688954110.22059/jppolicy.2022.89541FABizhanZareFull Professor of Sociology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranRezaSafaryshaliAssociate Professor of Sociology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranZeynabIzadiPhd of Sociology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranAlirezaKarimiAssistant Professor of Sociology, Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101In this research, with the aim of investigating the change of the family &the gender roles of women &men, the policies related to the family were analyzed &qualitative methods &thematic analysis techniques were used to reach clear results. In the end, seven basic themes, three organizing themes &also the overarching theme of "lack of problem-oriented view in family policies" were obtained. These themes show the policy's emphasis on women's motherly &wifely roles &limiting the definition of family to women's roles because laws &policies do not emphasize fatherly duties &the only duty of men in the family is to head &provide livelihood.In this research, with the aim of investigating the change of the family &the gender roles of women &men, the policies related to the family were analyzed &qualitative methods &thematic analysis techniques were used to reach clear results. In the end, seven basic themes, three organizing themes &also the overarching theme of "lack of problem-oriented view in family policies" were obtained. These themes show the policy's emphasis on women's motherly &wifely roles &limiting the definition of family to women's roles because laws &policies do not emphasize fatherly duties &the only duty of men in the family is to head &provide livelihood.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89541_b3cf729df66482ec7e54c89ecc74f68d.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Designing a Policy Package to Support Neurodiversity at Work A Study of Autistic Peoples in IranDesigning a Policy Package to Support Neurodiversity at Work A Study of Autistic Peoples in Iran69788954210.22059/jppolicy.2022.89542FAFatemehHaj KarimiPhd Graduated of Public Administration, Farabi College, University of Tehran, Qom, IranRezaTahmasebiAssistant Professor of Public Administration, Farabi College, University of Tehran, Qom, IranSeyed MehdiAlvaniProfessor of Public Administration, University of Allameh Tabatabaei, Tehran, IranAbolfazlGainiAssistant Professor of Public Administration, Research Institute of Hawzah and University, Qom, IranJournal Article20221026The main purpose of this study is to maintenance of employees with neurodiversity &autism is emphasized as one of the examples of neurodiversity. The present research has been applied in terms of exploratory purpose &is qualitative in terms of approach &method. The data has been collected through library &field methods. The data collection tool is interview. Participants in this study include three groups: therapist, employer &parent. Twenty-one people were purposefully selected. Data were analyzed by theme analysis method. In the designed package, seven Policies are defined, including: Basic Education, Informed Family, Capacity Building, Society awareness, Acceptance of diversity in society, Public Support &the establishment of intermediary organizations.The main purpose of this study is to maintenance of employees with neurodiversity &autism is emphasized as one of the examples of neurodiversity. The present research has been applied in terms of exploratory purpose &is qualitative in terms of approach &method. The data has been collected through library &field methods. The data collection tool is interview. Participants in this study include three groups: therapist, employer &parent. Twenty-one people were purposefully selected. Data were analyzed by theme analysis method. In the designed package, seven Policies are defined, including: Basic Education, Informed Family, Capacity Building, Society awareness, Acceptance of diversity in society, Public Support &the establishment of intermediary organizations.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89542_f90ca59a3d5be5fe322ca4e4b16ce60f.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Problem of Interaction between Holy Text and Reality In the Construction of Iran Criminal PolicyProblem of Interaction between Holy Text and Reality In the Construction of Iran Criminal Policy79928954310.22059/jppolicy.2022.89543FAMahdiKhaghani EsfahaniAssistant Professor of Criminal Law & Criminology, The Institute for Research and Development in the Humanities (SAMT), Tehran, IranJournal Article20221026This article, in a descriptive-analytical method, reveals some roots &effects of epistemic distortion in the way of contributing to the most important forces of Iran's criminal policy - Sharia, modernism &community-oriented (Sharia, West, custom). Recognizes &devises tips to prevent falling into the trap of legal positivism &irrational &anti-socialist textualism. Neither the policies &interests governing the criminal jurisprudence of Islam can be called the exact same system of Islamic criminal policy, nor the French &Anglo-Saxon &continental European models of state-comprehensive criminal response can be found in verses &hadiths. Subject to this. The "ideal of deprivation of world experience" &the era of universal theories &the greatness of poetry but inefficient in reducing the difficulties of human life - including the difficulty of crime - have passed. A systemic interaction must be established between the text (jurisprudence, Western legal doctrine, or any sacred or customary scientific text) &reality. This will be the beginning of planning the Iranian Islamic model of criminal policy.This article, in a descriptive-analytical method, reveals some roots &effects of epistemic distortion in the way of contributing to the most important forces of Iran's criminal policy - Sharia, modernism &community-oriented (Sharia, West, custom). Recognizes &devises tips to prevent falling into the trap of legal positivism &irrational &anti-socialist textualism. Neither the policies &interests governing the criminal jurisprudence of Islam can be called the exact same system of Islamic criminal policy, nor the French &Anglo-Saxon &continental European models of state-comprehensive criminal response can be found in verses &hadiths. Subject to this. The "ideal of deprivation of world experience" &the era of universal theories &the greatness of poetry but inefficient in reducing the difficulties of human life - including the difficulty of crime - have passed. A systemic interaction must be established between the text (jurisprudence, Western legal doctrine, or any sacred or customary scientific text) &reality. This will be the beginning of planning the Iranian Islamic model of criminal policy.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89543_41b36a3b98e4cb22aeeb2aacd45e15cf.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Differential Criminal Policy About Children and AdolescentsDifferential Criminal Policy About Children and Adolescents931058954410.22059/jppolicy.2022.89544FAAbbasShiriAssociate Professor of Criminal Law and Criminology, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221026The special situation of children &adolescents requires the adoption of differential criminal policy, different from adult delinquency. Punitive reactions &judicial systems for adults are inappropriate for children &adolescents &reduce the possibility of recidivism in children &adolescents &become the cause of secondary deviation &repeat crime in them. For this reason, differential criminal policy regarding children &adolescents becomes necessary &requires special characteristics, including; It is supportive &friendly &focuses on informal methods. For this reason, decriminalization, decriminalization &decriminalization are among the priorities of different criminal policy making about them. Also, according to their ages, criminal responsibility should be graded &a non-punitive response should be considered accordingly &custodial &corporal punishments should be avoided as much as possible.The special situation of children &adolescents requires the adoption of differential criminal policy, different from adult delinquency. Punitive reactions &judicial systems for adults are inappropriate for children &adolescents &reduce the possibility of recidivism in children &adolescents &become the cause of secondary deviation &repeat crime in them. For this reason, differential criminal policy regarding children &adolescents becomes necessary &requires special characteristics, including; It is supportive &friendly &focuses on informal methods. For this reason, decriminalization, decriminalization &decriminalization are among the priorities of different criminal policy making about them. Also, according to their ages, criminal responsibility should be graded &a non-punitive response should be considered accordingly &custodial &corporal punishments should be avoided as much as possible.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89544_2b5b16f3965b3e1d622b3884ae2d3f1c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Effects of Iran-China Relations in Covid-19 Confrontation Policy making in IranEffects of Iran-China Relations in Covid-19 Confrontation Policy making in Iran1071138958110.22059/jppolicy.2022.89581FAHamidRezaMalek MohammadiProfessor of Political Science in University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221029The fact of existence of interrelation systems in macro level in the world reveals their dependency on each other &draws the attention towards the difficulty of policy study can dismiss itself from involving in such an important aspect. What this article try to represent is an attempt to find the effects of Iran-china relations on Iranian policy making to confront the consequences of covid-19 during the global sanctions on Iran.The fact of existence of interrelation systems in macro level in the world reveals their dependency on each other &draws the attention towards the difficulty of policy study can dismiss itself from involving in such an important aspect. What this article try to represent is an attempt to find the effects of Iran-china relations on Iranian policy making to confront the consequences of covid-19 during the global sanctions on Iran.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89581_51d803e3e30c63ba06d3fa2fbcec577d.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Meta-Analysis of Research and Global Experiences of Urban Planning in the Face of the Corona PandemicMeta-Analysis of Research and Global Experiences of Urban Planning in the Face of the Corona Pandemic1151278954610.22059/jppolicy.2022.89546FAMohammad HosseinBoochaniAssistant Professor of Urban Planning Department, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSamanehMahdinezhadPhD in Urban Planning, Department of Urban Planning, Faculty of Engineering, South Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221026Due to the occurrence of Covid-19epidemic &thecreation of conditions contrary to the normal routine of life,examining the effects of the presence of this virus worldwide &methods of managing this crisis can pave the way for studies &planning in these conditions. Due to the dispersion in the approaches andissues raised in this field &the lack of integration in the structure andorder in the results of these studies;The present article is based on a meta-analysis strategy. 45 articles,according to theopinions of experts,were the basis of the present study.The results ofthe research indicate the need to create resilience in different parts of theworld due to the increase in disasters &epidemics.Information &spatial technology is an effective step towards controlling &managing this crisis by collecting spatial data &providing information using spatial counters andinformation software.Also,most of thearticles donot offer practical suggestions &solutions;Therefore,basic research is needed to obtain sufficient knowledge andapplied research to achieve the desired solutions.Due to the occurrence of Covid-19epidemic &thecreation of conditions contrary to the normal routine of life,examining the effects of the presence of this virus worldwide &methods of managing this crisis can pave the way for studies &planning in these conditions. Due to the dispersion in the approaches andissues raised in this field &the lack of integration in the structure andorder in the results of these studies;The present article is based on a meta-analysis strategy. 45 articles,according to theopinions of experts,were the basis of the present study.The results ofthe research indicate the need to create resilience in different parts of theworld due to the increase in disasters &epidemics.Information &spatial technology is an effective step towards controlling &managing this crisis by collecting spatial data &providing information using spatial counters andinformation software.Also,most of thearticles donot offer practical suggestions &solutions;Therefore,basic research is needed to obtain sufficient knowledge andapplied research to achieve the desired solutions.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89546_5fa0414fea93323d38fde5f4a6be0682.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Management of Common Resources: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical ExperiencesManagement of Common Resources: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Experiences1291458954710.22059/jppolicy.2022.89547FAHojjatKazemiAssistant Professor of Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranSousanNourbakhshPhd Student of Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101Common resources include goods that are not owned by private or government owners &are available for unlimited use by all citizens. Natural resources, as the main part of common resources, will suffer "tragedy of commons" if overused. Considering the importance of these resources &the crisis caused by over-exploitation, this article seeks to define the common resources &describes how the tragedy of the commons occurs. Also, to provide a description of the existing views about the management of common resources during the last two centuries. These views &practical experiences are categorized under three government-oriented, market-oriented &local community participation strategies. Considering that the results indicate the ineffectiveness of adopting a one-sided strategy in the management of commons, in recent decades, has been emphasized the necessity of adopting a combination of three strategies. The final part of the article describes Elinor Ostrom's views as the most prominent approach of a hybrid strategy based on polycentric governance.Common resources include goods that are not owned by private or government owners &are available for unlimited use by all citizens. Natural resources, as the main part of common resources, will suffer "tragedy of commons" if overused. Considering the importance of these resources &the crisis caused by over-exploitation, this article seeks to define the common resources &describes how the tragedy of the commons occurs. Also, to provide a description of the existing views about the management of common resources during the last two centuries. These views &practical experiences are categorized under three government-oriented, market-oriented &local community participation strategies. Considering that the results indicate the ineffectiveness of adopting a one-sided strategy in the management of commons, in recent decades, has been emphasized the necessity of adopting a combination of three strategies. The final part of the article describes Elinor Ostrom's views as the most prominent approach of a hybrid strategy based on polycentric governance.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89547_8883d5b73240199618b60aca70719471.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Tragedy of the Commons: an Explanation of the Theory and its Lessons for UsTragedy of the Commons: an Explanation of the Theory and its Lessons for Us1471618954810.22059/jppolicy.2022.89548FABehzadAttarzadehPhd in Political Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article20221026Since it was published in 1968, Garret Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” has been cited more than 38000 times &has been significantly influential in many areas of public policy. By explaining the logic of collective action in exploiting the commons &the inherent tragedy of that logic, Hardin provided us with a strong theory to comprehend some of our most fundamental problems in Iran, such as the water crisis. However, we have not employed the insights of that theory in explaining our public issues as deserved. The present article aims to provide a review &an interpretation of Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” concerning its theoretical &practical context as well as its importance &explanatory power. In the end, the article discusses examples of the possible application of Hardin’s theory to some public issues in Iran.Since it was published in 1968, Garret Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” has been cited more than 38000 times &has been significantly influential in many areas of public policy. By explaining the logic of collective action in exploiting the commons &the inherent tragedy of that logic, Hardin provided us with a strong theory to comprehend some of our most fundamental problems in Iran, such as the water crisis. However, we have not employed the insights of that theory in explaining our public issues as deserved. The present article aims to provide a review &an interpretation of Hardin’s “tragedy of the commons” concerning its theoretical &practical context as well as its importance &explanatory power. In the end, the article discusses examples of the possible application of Hardin’s theory to some public issues in Iran.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89548_9522110e7044a4b3b89e26586df212c1.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778320221122Examining the Approaches and Performance of Housing Policies in the Islamic Republic of IranExamining the Approaches and Performance of Housing Policies in the Islamic Republic of Iran1631738954910.22059/jppolicy.2022.89549FASamanehKeshvardoostAssistant Professor Education and Islamic Thought, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranAtefehAhmadi DahrshidPhd in Geography, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, IranJournal Article20221026This article, using the method of document content analysis with a retrospective approach, aims to evaluate approaches &performance in different periods to investigate the housing policies of the governments. The results of the present research show that the government's policy-making in the form of two general approaches of maximum intervention in the economy, including the quasi-socialist approach in the two periods of the first decade of the revolution &the Ahmadinejad government, led to the l&assignment &intervene polices. But the second approach in the form of market policies in the three governments of Rafsanjani, Khatami &Rouhani has led to the adoption of monitoring, support &empowerment policies.This article, using the method of document content analysis with a retrospective approach, aims to evaluate approaches &performance in different periods to investigate the housing policies of the governments. The results of the present research show that the government's policy-making in the form of two general approaches of maximum intervention in the economy, including the quasi-socialist approach in the two periods of the first decade of the revolution &the Ahmadinejad government, led to the l&assignment &intervene polices. But the second approach in the form of market policies in the three governments of Rafsanjani, Khatami &Rouhani has led to the adoption of monitoring, support &empowerment policies.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89549_7ed240f5d226d68fef222460bd7811fa.pdf