University of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Causal Layered Analysis of Policy Enactment in Elementary Schools: Designing Alternative Scenarios with an Emphasis on Qualitative-Descriptive EvaluationCausal Layered Analysis of Policy Enactment in Elementary Schools: Designing Alternative Scenarios with an Emphasis on Qualitative-Descriptive Evaluation9258590710.22059/jppolicy.2022.85907FAMohsenNobakhtPh.D. Candidate Department of Educational Management, , Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, IranAbbasAbbaspourProfessor. Department of Educational Management, Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, IranMortezaTaheriAssociate Prof. Department of Educational Management, , Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-1260-6128HosseinAbdollahiAssociate Prof. Department of Educational Management, , Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, IranAliKhorsandi TaskoohAssistant Prof. Department of Educational Management, , Allameh Tabatabaei University, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101The present study is based on the theory of policy enactment and its purpose is to analyze layer by layer the reasons for policy enactment in Iranian primary schools to design alternative scenarios. To achieve this goal, the method of causal layer analysis has been used. In this way, the phenomenon of policy enactment was analyzed and deepened in four layers. The study population in this study are actors who are involved in the enactment of qualitative-descriptive evaluation policy. To find the participants, non-random snowball sampling method was used. MAXQDA 2018 software was also used for data analysis. Results at the Lithuanian level, Iranian students have failed to achieve a global average in international exams over the past two decades. At the level of the social system, human factors and cultural, economic and political contexts play an important role in policy enactment, which is not taken into account. At the worldview and discourse level, the paradigm of reductionism prevails in policy-making. At the level of myths and metaphors, policy-making is a conventional and generative metaphor that plays an important role in the linear implementation of policies. Based on the analysis and deepening of the four layers above, alternative policy enactment scenarios were designed and presented for each layer. Language does not just describe reality; Rather, it shapes reality. The use of the metaphor of development and policy enactment in language can play an important role in the success of policies. Thus, the adoption of politics is a complex, creative, intertwined, contextual and political process in which language and metaphor play a vital role but have received less attention.The present study is based on the theory of policy enactment and its purpose is to analyze layer by layer the reasons for policy enactment in Iranian primary schools to design alternative scenarios. To achieve this goal, the method of causal layer analysis has been used. In this way, the phenomenon of policy enactment was analyzed and deepened in four layers. The study population in this study are actors who are involved in the enactment of qualitative-descriptive evaluation policy. To find the participants, non-random snowball sampling method was used. MAXQDA 2018 software was also used for data analysis. Results at the Lithuanian level, Iranian students have failed to achieve a global average in international exams over the past two decades. At the level of the social system, human factors and cultural, economic and political contexts play an important role in policy enactment, which is not taken into account. At the worldview and discourse level, the paradigm of reductionism prevails in policy-making. At the level of myths and metaphors, policy-making is a conventional and generative metaphor that plays an important role in the linear implementation of policies. Based on the analysis and deepening of the four layers above, alternative policy enactment scenarios were designed and presented for each layer. Language does not just describe reality; Rather, it shapes reality. The use of the metaphor of development and policy enactment in language can play an important role in the success of policies. Thus, the adoption of politics is a complex, creative, intertwined, contextual and political process in which language and metaphor play a vital role but have received less attention.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85907_a7a6523a3478f3ca7c04dbeb962b1185.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Implementation of Policies on the Shores of Makran; Examining the Manifestations of a CrisisImplementation of Policies on the Shores of Makran; Examining the Manifestations of a Crisis27428590810.22059/jppolicy.2022.85908FAHamidrezaMalekmohammadiProfessor of Public Policy, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranMojtabaNikfarjamPhd university of tehran faculty of law and political science, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220212For more than a decade, the issue of policy implementation on the Makran coast has been on the agenda of various governments, but unfortunately the policy implementation process has been very slow, which can be described as a crisis. The central question of this research is why, despite the great importance of this region in economic, social, & political relations, & the existence of political will, the implementation of policies in this strategic region has been accompanied by failure & even failure? The present study, with the help of theoretical & scientific literature related to implementation & implementation of policies in free zones, & based on interviews & content analysis methods, extracts the main reasons for policy failure & provides policy solutions. The results of the studies conducted in this study show that the most important reasons for the failure of policies in this strategic area can be classified into three main themes (structure-oriented, ideal-oriented & thought-oriented) & 9 sub-themes.For more than a decade, the issue of policy implementation on the Makran coast has been on the agenda of various governments, but unfortunately the policy implementation process has been very slow, which can be described as a crisis. The central question of this research is why, despite the great importance of this region in economic, social, & political relations, & the existence of political will, the implementation of policies in this strategic region has been accompanied by failure & even failure? The present study, with the help of theoretical & scientific literature related to implementation & implementation of policies in free zones, & based on interviews & content analysis methods, extracts the main reasons for policy failure & provides policy solutions. The results of the studies conducted in this study show that the most important reasons for the failure of policies in this strategic area can be classified into three main themes (structure-oriented, ideal-oriented & thought-oriented) & 9 sub-themes.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85908_3129d3014eb146faf0c3cf283e7283ab.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Analyzing the Casual Factors of the Crisis in the Water Policies of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin; Case Study of Western Cities of Isfahan ProvinceAnalyzing the Casual Factors of the Crisis in the Water Policies of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin; Case Study of Western Cities of Isfahan Province43598590910.22059/jppolicy.2022.85909FAEsmaeilZaker MahabadiPh.D Student of Public Policy, Faculty of Humanities and Law, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, IranMohammad RezaYazdani ZazeraniAssistant Professor, Department of Political Science, Isfahan (Khorasgan) Branch, Islamic Azad University, Isfahan, Iran0000-0002-7153-2405HannanehMohammadi KangaraniAssociate professor of Forestry Department, Faculty of Forest Science, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, IranJournal Article20220212Water resources management in the Central Plateau of Iran and Zayandeh-Rud River basin, as the only permanent river of this plateau, has faced serious challenges which has challenged the lives and livelihoods of most residents and beneficiaries.The aim of this study was to identify and explain the causes of the crisis in the Water Policies of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin from the perspective of beneficiaries in the western townships of Isfahan province. The reseerch method of the styudy was qualitative type and by the Thematic analysis approach. In this study, data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and have been done with 51 beneficiaries in Falavarjan, Mobarakeh, Shahin Shahr and Maymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Lenjan, Chadegan, Fereydunshahr, Fereidan and Buin cities.In this study, first 195 causes announced by the participants were investigated and after removing similarities and repetitions, they were counted in the form of 76 basic concepts and analysed relying on the data encoding process in the Thematic analysis, in the open laying stage, were obtained 15 main concepts from these concepts. The findings of this study indicate that the concept (core) of the nucleus, which is the cause of the water crisis in these cities, has emerged under the influence of four categories of political, legal, climatic and ethnic-cultural causes.Water resources management in the Central Plateau of Iran and Zayandeh-Rud River basin, as the only permanent river of this plateau, has faced serious challenges which has challenged the lives and livelihoods of most residents and beneficiaries.The aim of this study was to identify and explain the causes of the crisis in the Water Policies of Zayandeh-Rud River Basin from the perspective of beneficiaries in the western townships of Isfahan province. The reseerch method of the styudy was qualitative type and by the Thematic analysis approach. In this study, data were collected through in-depth and semi-structured interviews and have been done with 51 beneficiaries in Falavarjan, Mobarakeh, Shahin Shahr and Maymeh, Khomeini Shahr, Lenjan, Chadegan, Fereydunshahr, Fereidan and Buin cities.In this study, first 195 causes announced by the participants were investigated and after removing similarities and repetitions, they were counted in the form of 76 basic concepts and analysed relying on the data encoding process in the Thematic analysis, in the open laying stage, were obtained 15 main concepts from these concepts. The findings of this study indicate that the concept (core) of the nucleus, which is the cause of the water crisis in these cities, has emerged under the influence of four categories of political, legal, climatic and ethnic-cultural causes.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85909_d4d3b2fc6a01abfbb1adba6dd907162f.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Suggesting a Policy Model for Confronting Novel Pandemics from a National Resilience Approach (using other Countries’ Experiences and Lessons Learned in the Country’s Similar Confrontation with the COVID-19 Pandemic).Suggesting a Policy Model for Confronting Novel Pandemics from a National Resilience Approach (using other Countries’ Experiences and Lessons Learned in the Country’s Similar Confrontation with the COVID-19 Pandemic).61788591010.22059/jppolicy.2022.85910FASaiedeh SadatAhangariPhD in Technology Management from Tehran University, Researcher at Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, IranZohrehBesharati RadPhD in Industrial Engineering from Sharif University of Technology, Research Manager at the Electrical Energy Innovation Research Center, Tehran, IranSinaLalehPhD in Technology Management from Azad University, Researcher at Technology Studies Institute, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220212Among all crises in the contemporary world, the novel Coronavirus’s outbreak has been the greatest & most severe shock societies in an international scope have had to endure. The outbreak of this virus has been a phenomenon effects & consequences of which spared nearly no society, organization, or person. The governments’ approach in tackling COVID-19 ranges from complete inaction, to reaction (which itself breaks down to quick or delayed reaction), & an active, forward-looking, & prospective approach. Resilience management is an active & prospective approach in confronting uncertainties. This study analyzes the actions & policies of 10 countries who were relative more or less successful than others in terms of their COVID-19 crisis management between January & December 2020. This paper takes a national resilience management approach & uses Meta synthesis, expert opinions on Iran’s confrontation with the COVID-19 phenomenon, & other countries’ experiences to suggest a policy model for confrontation with novel p&emics with a national resilience approach.Among all crises in the contemporary world, the novel Coronavirus’s outbreak has been the greatest & most severe shock societies in an international scope have had to endure. The outbreak of this virus has been a phenomenon effects & consequences of which spared nearly no society, organization, or person. The governments’ approach in tackling COVID-19 ranges from complete inaction, to reaction (which itself breaks down to quick or delayed reaction), & an active, forward-looking, & prospective approach. Resilience management is an active & prospective approach in confronting uncertainties. This study analyzes the actions & policies of 10 countries who were relative more or less successful than others in terms of their COVID-19 crisis management between January & December 2020. This paper takes a national resilience management approach & uses Meta synthesis, expert opinions on Iran’s confrontation with the COVID-19 phenomenon, & other countries’ experiences to suggest a policy model for confrontation with novel p&emics with a national resilience approach.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85910_bae3a72e9660cefa367620a1922774fa.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Planning without Theory; The unheard Voice of Collapse of Technocratic Planning in IranPlanning without Theory; The unheard Voice of Collapse of Technocratic Planning in Iran79928591210.22059/jppolicy.2022.85912FAMohammad HosseinBadamchiAssistant Professor of Institute of social & cultural studie, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101More than 70 years after official initiation of planning in Iran, the term & the profession of “Planning”, still premised as absolute, abstract, disciplinary, positive, undiscussable, needless of deliberation & reflectivity, while reviewing the intellectual changes of the issue, especially in US & Europe implies to the End of Positivistic- Technocratic Paradigm of planning & emergence of the new field of “theory of planning” in recent 50 years. Through qualitative meta analysis of the most important recently-published books & essays about planning & near fields like development & policy in Persian, this article shows that the blast of the collapse of rational-technocratic planning & emergence of “theory of planning” didn’t reach to Iranian knowledge of planning yet. The only exception is discipline of “Urban Planning” which misunderst&s the deep paradigm shift in “theory of planning” with new narrow changes in “theories in urban planning area”. In conclusion after sketching the overall horizon of alternative Non-Euclidian Mode of Planning & discussing some causes & contexts of this theoretical-historical lag from sociology of planning perspective, various strategic recommendations to compensate the regression is being presented. More than 70 years after official initiation of planning in Iran, the term & the profession of “Planning”, still premised as absolute, abstract, disciplinary, positive, undiscussable, needless of deliberation & reflectivity, while reviewing the intellectual changes of the issue, especially in US & Europe implies to the End of Positivistic- Technocratic Paradigm of planning & emergence of the new field of “theory of planning” in recent 50 years. Through qualitative meta analysis of the most important recently-published books & essays about planning & near fields like development & policy in Persian, this article shows that the blast of the collapse of rational-technocratic planning & emergence of “theory of planning” didn’t reach to Iranian knowledge of planning yet. The only exception is discipline of “Urban Planning” which misunderst&s the deep paradigm shift in “theory of planning” with new narrow changes in “theories in urban planning area”. In conclusion after sketching the overall horizon of alternative Non-Euclidian Mode of Planning & discussing some causes & contexts of this theoretical-historical lag from sociology of planning perspective, various strategic recommendations to compensate the regression is being presented. https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85912_13b8e386a09d0b43151500d2a31dc209.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Inconsistent Worlds: Analyzing Cultural Policies Regarding Women and the YouthInconsistent Worlds: Analyzing Cultural Policies Regarding Women and the Youth931098591310.22059/jppolicy.2022.85913FAYaserJalaliPhD in Cultural Policy. Kharazmi University, Tehran, IranJournal Article20220212In this article, inconsistencies between values & attitudes implicit in the existing Iranian cultural policies regarding women & the youth & those of policies’ stakeholders will be considered. The research techniques include qualitative content analysis of policy documents, secondary data analysis of the national surveys to investigate attitudes of the society, & semi-structured interviews with policymakers. Comparing ‘formal cultural referential’ in the policies with the’ society informal referentials’ shows an inconsistency in the selected themes of the research, including women’s dress code, lifestyles & marriage styles. In policies, only a specific traditional lifestyle is promoted, & the diverse range of lifestyles in society is neglected. These inconsistencies could be considered as being affected by the structure of the cultural policymaking in the country & domination of the referential outside the cultural realm.In this article, inconsistencies between values & attitudes implicit in the existing Iranian cultural policies regarding women & the youth & those of policies’ stakeholders will be considered. The research techniques include qualitative content analysis of policy documents, secondary data analysis of the national surveys to investigate attitudes of the society, & semi-structured interviews with policymakers. Comparing ‘formal cultural referential’ in the policies with the’ society informal referentials’ shows an inconsistency in the selected themes of the research, including women’s dress code, lifestyles & marriage styles. In policies, only a specific traditional lifestyle is promoted, & the diverse range of lifestyles in society is neglected. These inconsistencies could be considered as being affected by the structure of the cultural policymaking in the country & domination of the referential outside the cultural realm.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85913_adf914ab09caba9867be498e5332903b.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Investigating the Impact of Industrial Development Policies on Urbanization in Iranian ProvincesInvestigating the Impact of Industrial Development Policies on Urbanization in Iranian Provinces1111238591410.22059/jppolicy.2022.85914FASeyed AtaollahSinaeiAssistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, IranPouyanKianiPh.D. in Economics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, IranMaryamNafisi MoghadamPh.D. in Economics, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran000000027328808XJournal Article20220212Urbanization & industrial structure are two systems of economic development that influence each other. The rapid progress of urbanization helps to promote industrial development & vice versa. In this study, first, an index for industrial development has been constructed using the fuzzy logic approach for the period 2012-2020 for the provinces of Iran. The results show that Tehran, Isfahan, & East Azerbaijan have the highest industrial development, respectively, & Kurdistan, Ilam, & South Khorasan have the lowest level of industrial development in the period, respectively. In the following, we investigate the effect of industrial development on urbanization using quantitative regression. The results show that industrial development has a positive effect on urbanization. But at high levels of urbanization, this effect is less than low levels of urbanization. The effect of the unemployment rate & GDP per capita on urbanization is also positive. Also, the effect of the unemployment rate is higher in provinces with high urbanization.Urbanization & industrial structure are two systems of economic development that influence each other. The rapid progress of urbanization helps to promote industrial development & vice versa. In this study, first, an index for industrial development has been constructed using the fuzzy logic approach for the period 2012-2020 for the provinces of Iran. The results show that Tehran, Isfahan, & East Azerbaijan have the highest industrial development, respectively, & Kurdistan, Ilam, & South Khorasan have the lowest level of industrial development in the period, respectively. In the following, we investigate the effect of industrial development on urbanization using quantitative regression. The results show that industrial development has a positive effect on urbanization. But at high levels of urbanization, this effect is less than low levels of urbanization. The effect of the unemployment rate & GDP per capita on urbanization is also positive. Also, the effect of the unemployment rate is higher in provinces with high urbanization.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85914_8bd8dd23f451c7e161511898224a993c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Developing a Model for Policy Making in Digital Banking, Based on Network ApproachDeveloping a Model for Policy Making in Digital Banking, Based on Network Approach1251418591510.22059/jppolicy.2022.85915FAMehdiGhadamiPublic Administration PhD Candidate, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranMortezaMousakhaniProfessor of Public administration, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, IranSayyed MehdiAlwaniProfessor of Public administration, Public Administration Faculty, Allameh, Tehran, IranHamidRezaYazdaniAssociate Professor of Business Administration, Faculty of Management and Accounting, Farabi Campus, University of Tehran, Qom, IranJournal Article19700101Networks are considered as tools of collaboration between different sections of society. Using networks, all stakeholders can be involved in the policy-making process. The digitalization of the economy in general & the banking industry in particular, is among the phenomena of the present age. The study aims at developing a network model for digital banking in Iran. This study is a descriptive-exploratory one, using semi-structured interviews as data collection tool. Theme analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The research population is economic & banking policy-making experts, especially digital banking specialists in Iran, & the research sample has been selected using purposive sampling method. Finally, a model has been designed that includes the necessities, inputs, actors, synergistic interactions among the actors & the impacts of network policy-making in digital banking. This model can be considered as a platform used for solving many current problems, including the indetermination of digital banking executives & the multiplicity of digital banking policy makers.Networks are considered as tools of collaboration between different sections of society. Using networks, all stakeholders can be involved in the policy-making process. The digitalization of the economy in general & the banking industry in particular, is among the phenomena of the present age. The study aims at developing a network model for digital banking in Iran. This study is a descriptive-exploratory one, using semi-structured interviews as data collection tool. Theme analysis technique has been used to analyze the data. The research population is economic & banking policy-making experts, especially digital banking specialists in Iran, & the research sample has been selected using purposive sampling method. Finally, a model has been designed that includes the necessities, inputs, actors, synergistic interactions among the actors & the impacts of network policy-making in digital banking. This model can be considered as a platform used for solving many current problems, including the indetermination of digital banking executives & the multiplicity of digital banking policy makers.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85915_0896f4a483bdb16619731261eaeabbe3.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522People, Politics and the Government in Iran; From the Lack of Public Interest in Politics to the inefficiency of Governmental PoliciesPeople, Politics and the Government in Iran; From the Lack of Public Interest in Politics to the inefficiency of Governmental Policies1431498591610.22059/jppolicy.2022.85916FAMajidVahidAssistant professor of Political science, University of Tehran (Center for Public Policy Studis), Tehran, IranJournal Article20220212The Iranian government is faced with important challenges & crises in different areas of public policy making such as economic, cultural, educational, environmental & industrial issues.In this article, we will discuss why these issues exist in Iran today & we will propose that there is a direct link between the involvement of people in politics & the efficiency of governmental policies.Even though Iranians believe that they are very political, in reality they are not as defined in this specific article. This leads governmental authorities to behave inefficiently or to suffer from megalomania.We will bring forth arguments that will support & defend our hypothesis in this article. The Iranian government is faced with important challenges & crises in different areas of public policy making such as economic, cultural, educational, environmental & industrial issues.In this article, we will discuss why these issues exist in Iran today & we will propose that there is a direct link between the involvement of people in politics & the efficiency of governmental policies.Even though Iranians believe that they are very political, in reality they are not as defined in this specific article. This leads governmental authorities to behave inefficiently or to suffer from megalomania.We will bring forth arguments that will support & defend our hypothesis in this article. https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85916_71d62291b2d64cd82fc590e22fa47d2c.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Blessing or Curse of Natural Gas in Iran: Future Study of Natural Gas Exports Until 2050Blessing or Curse of Natural Gas in Iran: Future Study of Natural Gas Exports Until 20501511678591710.22059/jppolicy.2022.85917FAHasanRaeiMaster of Energy Systems Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0002-5038-4319JavadNazariMaster of Energy Systems Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IranMortezaSarzehiMaster of Energy Systems Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, IranAbbasMalekiAssociate Professor of Energy Policy, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran0000-0003-2904-4587Journal Article20220212According to the forecasts of reputable international centers, natural gas will play the most effective role in the future of world energy. Because Iran has one of the largest natural gas reserves in the world; This energy source can be considered as the main advantage of Iran in the domestic & international arena. In the meantime, one of the options facing the country is the export of this energy source. Considering that the export of natural gas, in addition to economic benefits, has many political-security benefits for the country; Determining the goals & scenarios for the advancement of natural gas exports has always been one of the main issues facing the country's energy sector. Target countries are interested in not limiting the source of their natural gas supply to fixed & specific sources; Therefore, they have long paid special attention to Iran. Therefore, it is important to study the future status of Iran's natural gas exports. The purpose of this study is to design scenarios for the country's natural gas exports until 2050 using the opinion of the elite & the method used in the research is a combination of the Delphi method & interaction analysis method. The three factors of Iran's isolation from the world trade & financial system, the political influence of powerful countries in the target country & the status of natural gas resources, their production & development in the target countries have been identified as key factors & based on future trends Three key effective factors, four compatible natural gas export scenarios were identified. Finally, after explaining each of these scenarios, policy recommendations have been made to achieve a favorable situation in Iran's natural gas exports.According to the forecasts of reputable international centers, natural gas will play the most effective role in the future of world energy. Because Iran has one of the largest natural gas reserves in the world; This energy source can be considered as the main advantage of Iran in the domestic & international arena. In the meantime, one of the options facing the country is the export of this energy source. Considering that the export of natural gas, in addition to economic benefits, has many political-security benefits for the country; Determining the goals & scenarios for the advancement of natural gas exports has always been one of the main issues facing the country's energy sector. Target countries are interested in not limiting the source of their natural gas supply to fixed & specific sources; Therefore, they have long paid special attention to Iran. Therefore, it is important to study the future status of Iran's natural gas exports. The purpose of this study is to design scenarios for the country's natural gas exports until 2050 using the opinion of the elite & the method used in the research is a combination of the Delphi method & interaction analysis method. The three factors of Iran's isolation from the world trade & financial system, the political influence of powerful countries in the target country & the status of natural gas resources, their production & development in the target countries have been identified as key factors & based on future trends Three key effective factors, four compatible natural gas export scenarios were identified. Finally, after explaining each of these scenarios, policy recommendations have been made to achieve a favorable situation in Iran's natural gas exports.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85917_bd5213ac301ad866de7a6b3b86e042c2.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Identifying Factors Affecting Changes in Higher Education Governance: A Meta-Synthesis StudyIdentifying Factors Affecting Changes in Higher Education Governance: A Meta-Synthesis Study1691808591810.22059/jppolicy.2022.85918FAZahraGhamooshiPhd student of educational Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJavadPourkarimiAssistant professor,Department of educational Managment & Planning , University of Tehran, Tehran, IranJournal Article19700101The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic framework of factors changing the governance of higher education. The method of this research was qualitative & meta-synthesis & the library method is used for collecting data the research community was scintific resources related to the factors changing the governance of higher education. The study population is all scientific sources related to the subject of factors factors changing the governance of higher education (between 1390 to 1400 & 2000 to 2020). By reviewing 17 sources from 1501 primary sources, the two main dimensions of internal requirements & external requirements of factors changing the governance of higher education were identified, each of which includes components.The purpose of this study is to provide a systematic framework of factors changing the governance of higher education. The method of this research was qualitative & meta-synthesis & the library method is used for collecting data the research community was scintific resources related to the factors changing the governance of higher education. The study population is all scientific sources related to the subject of factors factors changing the governance of higher education (between 1390 to 1400 & 2000 to 2020). By reviewing 17 sources from 1501 primary sources, the two main dimensions of internal requirements & external requirements of factors changing the governance of higher education were identified, each of which includes components.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85918_ba06bcd4e9af598e9d6316f38152b16b.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522A Comparative Study of Iran's Higher Education Internationalization Policies and Strategies with the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and GermanyA Comparative Study of Iran's Higher Education Internationalization Policies and Strategies with the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, and Germany1811948591910.22059/jppolicy.2022.85919FAJafarHassan RezaiPhD in Higher Education Management, Urmia University, Orumiyeh, IranJournal Article20220212The purpose of this study was to compare the policies & strategies of internationalization of Iranian HE with some leading countries. This study was a comparative study based on the Mill's model. Sample countries were purposefully selected according to the available documents. The results showed that all countries don't agree on “achieving high quality of education & research", " earning economic benefits", "cultural diversity & underst&ing", "achieving high st&ards & research power" & "knowledge diplomacy". All countries agree on "participation in research projects" & "teacher-student exchange". Since the main challenge of internationalization of HE in Iran is the lack of clear & purposeful policy at the policy-making level, it is suggested that serious studies & actions should be taken to determine, clear & leading policies So that appropriate strategies can be adopted through it.The purpose of this study was to compare the policies & strategies of internationalization of Iranian HE with some leading countries. This study was a comparative study based on the Mill's model. Sample countries were purposefully selected according to the available documents. The results showed that all countries don't agree on “achieving high quality of education & research", " earning economic benefits", "cultural diversity & underst&ing", "achieving high st&ards & research power" & "knowledge diplomacy". All countries agree on "participation in research projects" & "teacher-student exchange". Since the main challenge of internationalization of HE in Iran is the lack of clear & purposeful policy at the policy-making level, it is suggested that serious studies & actions should be taken to determine, clear & leading policies So that appropriate strategies can be adopted through it.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85919_7cb9f0e3d32f24af457c863bbba40514.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522An Comparison of the First Five Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from the Perspective of Contingency Planning indicesAn Comparison of the First Five Development Plans of the Islamic Republic of Iran, from the Perspective of Contingency Planning indices1952038599610.22059/jppolicy.2022.85996FAHasanDanaiefarPhd student of political science , Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, IranAlirezaSoltaniAssistant professor of political science, Islamic Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran, Iran0000-0001-5489-8694Journal Article19700101Developmental policy-making & planning should be able to confront unfamiliar & contingent phenomena in practice & have the ability to make a kind of strategic balance between the planning environment & identified objects to form the basis for realizing its objectives. Fitness, coherence, & tolerance (flexibility) are the three bases of contingency planning. Now the question is, from the perspective of contingency planning indices, which one of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s development plans was able to realize its identified objectives. In our research, we propose the hypothesis that although fourth & fifth development plans, from a theoretical point of view, were more in compliance with contingency planning indices , the third development plan was in practice the best plan regarding contingency planning indices. In this research, we will use a descriptive & comparative methodology & by using primary sources we apply a library research method.Developmental policy-making & planning should be able to confront unfamiliar & contingent phenomena in practice & have the ability to make a kind of strategic balance between the planning environment & identified objects to form the basis for realizing its objectives. Fitness, coherence, & tolerance (flexibility) are the three bases of contingency planning. Now the question is, from the perspective of contingency planning indices, which one of the Islamic Republic of Iran’s development plans was able to realize its identified objectives. In our research, we propose the hypothesis that although fourth & fifth development plans, from a theoretical point of view, were more in compliance with contingency planning indices , the third development plan was in practice the best plan regarding contingency planning indices. In this research, we will use a descriptive & comparative methodology & by using primary sources we apply a library research method.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85996_6609c5dc2fc8180dea72549cdc78cd13.pdfUniversity of TehranIranian Journal of Public Policy2538-55778120220522Review of Journal of Public Policy of Cambridge University (Issue 4 of Volume 33)Review of Journal of Public Policy of Cambridge University (Issue 4 of Volume 33)2052198592010.22059/jppolicy.2022.85920FAKianaKamyabiMaster in political science Shahid Bahonar University oh Kerman, Kerman, IranJournal Article20220212Journal of Public Policy of Cambridge University is one of the important journals in the field of public policy, which has an impact factor of 2.513 in the JCR & is indexed in reputable indexing databases of international journals including Elsevier & WOS. The journal mainly publishes articles that apply social science theories, concepts, & methods to important political, economic, & social issues related to public policy. A variety of topics are presented in these articles, including environmental issues, international political economy, health, EU regulatory policies & processes, etc. The reviewers of this journal are from more than twelve disciplines of social sciences & from three continents of the world. Thus, they guarantee analytical accuracy in referring to the context of the national policy of the studied countries. In issue 41 of this magazine, 9 articles have been published that are briefly reviewed.Journal of Public Policy of Cambridge University is one of the important journals in the field of public policy, which has an impact factor of 2.513 in the JCR & is indexed in reputable indexing databases of international journals including Elsevier & WOS. The journal mainly publishes articles that apply social science theories, concepts, & methods to important political, economic, & social issues related to public policy. A variety of topics are presented in these articles, including environmental issues, international political economy, health, EU regulatory policies & processes, etc. The reviewers of this journal are from more than twelve disciplines of social sciences & from three continents of the world. Thus, they guarantee analytical accuracy in referring to the context of the national policy of the studied countries. In issue 41 of this magazine, 9 articles have been published that are briefly reviewed.https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_85920_7792415e900cd2c095b6c3e0a7272d02.pdf