University of Tehran Iranian Journal of Public Policy 2538-5577 8 3 2022 11 22 Management of Common Resources: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Experiences Management of Common Resources: Theoretical Perspectives and Practical Experiences 129 145 89547 10.22059/jppolicy.2022.89547 FA Hojjat Kazemi Assistant Professor of Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Sousan Nourbakhsh Phd Student of Political Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 1970 01 01 Common resources include goods that are not owned by private or government owners &are available for unlimited use by all citizens. Natural resources, as the main part of common resources, will suffer "tragedy of commons" if overused. Considering the importance of these resources &the crisis caused by over-exploitation, this article seeks to define the common resources &describes how the tragedy of the commons occurs. Also, to provide a description of the existing views about the management of common resources during the last two centuries. These views &practical experiences are categorized under three government-oriented, market-oriented &local community participation strategies. Considering that the results indicate the ineffectiveness of adopting a one-sided strategy in the management of commons, in recent decades, has been emphasized the necessity of adopting a combination of three strategies. The final part of the article describes Elinor Ostrom's views as the most prominent approach of a hybrid strategy based on polycentric governance. Common resources include goods that are not owned by private or government owners &are available for unlimited use by all citizens. Natural resources, as the main part of common resources, will suffer "tragedy of commons" if overused. Considering the importance of these resources &the crisis caused by over-exploitation, this article seeks to define the common resources &describes how the tragedy of the commons occurs. Also, to provide a description of the existing views about the management of common resources during the last two centuries. These views &practical experiences are categorized under three government-oriented, market-oriented &local community participation strategies. Considering that the results indicate the ineffectiveness of adopting a one-sided strategy in the management of commons, in recent decades, has been emphasized the necessity of adopting a combination of three strategies. The final part of the article describes Elinor Ostrom's views as the most prominent approach of a hybrid strategy based on polycentric governance. https://jppolicy.ut.ac.ir/article_89547_8883d5b73240199618b60aca70719471.pdf